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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2018.
World J Cardiol. Sep 26, 2018; 10(9): 87-96
Published online Sep 26, 2018. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v10.i9.87
Table 1 Summary of Inflammatory and fibrotic cytokines and growth factors (detected in pericardial fluid) likely to modulate the pathophysiological processes leading to chronic fibrosis in the pericardium
Inflammatory/ fibrotic mediatorMajor roles in Inflammation and fibrosisReferences
TGF-βAnti-inflammatory mediator[17,37,46,61]
ECM deposition and remodelling
CTGFMyofibroblast activation[17]
ECM deposition and remodelling
TNF-αInducer and regulator of inflammation[37,38]
Macrophage and Natual Killer cell recruitment
IL-6Late role in inflammatory cascade[37,38]
Adaptive Immune system activation
IL-8Later role in inflammatory cascade Neutrophil cell recruitment[37,38]
IL-10Inflammatory mediator[46]
IFN-γImmune response modulation Macrophage and Natual Killer cell activation Anti-fibrotic[37-39,46,62]
VEGFAngiogenesis and fibrosis promotion Fibrosis resolution[39]
bFGFECM deposition[23,39]
Ac-SDKPMajor role in the inhibition of fibrosis[49]
Galectin-3Myofibroblast activation ECM deposition[49]