Mutual interaction between oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of diseases specifically focusing on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Figure 1 Process for the synthesis and oxidative folding of secretory proteins and membrane proteins within endoplasmic reticulum. During synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum, both secretory proteins and membrane proteins need to be oxidatively folded before being translocated to final destination via the Golgi body. While endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1 utilizes molecular oxygen to oxidize reactive sulfhydryl groups on protein disulfide isomerase family proteins, peroxiredoxin 4 and glutathione peroxidase 7/8 oxidize them by means of hydrogen peroxide. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; ERO1: Endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1; PDI: Protein disulfide isomerase; PRDX4: Peroxiredoxin 4; GPX: Glutathione peroxidase.