Role of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor regulation in stress-induced pain chronification

Figure 1 Mechanisms underlying stress-induced pain chronification after surgery. Note that α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor switch from Ca²⁺-impermeable (GluA2-containing) to Ca²⁺-permeable (GluA2-lacking) will enhance Ca²⁺ influx and further activate Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinases, thereby promoting AMPA receptor phosphorylation and other phosphorylation-triggered activities.