KAPtain in charge of multiple missions: Emerging roles of KAP1

Table 1 Chromatin-associated factors/chromatin-remodeling enzymes interacting with KAP1

Chromatin-associated factors/chromatin-remodeling enzymes	Consequences of binding with KAP1	Ref.
HP1	HP1-KAP1 interaction leads to transcriptional repression and has an essential role in development and cell differentiation. Phosphorylation at Ser-473 or Tyr-449, 458, 517 of KAP1 inhibits its interaction with HP1.	[5,6,33,43,46,53,94-97,105]
SETDB1	KAP1 binds to SETDB1 through SUMO:SIM interaction to methylate H3K9 at gene regulatory regions to achieve gene silencing.	[9,15,16,109]
N-CoR	N-CoR represses basal transcription by the recruitment of HDACs to deacetylate histones. KAP1 is involved in N-CoR-1 complex to mediate transcriptional repression.	[7]
CHD3 (Mi-2α)/NuRD	NuRD complex mediates chromatin remodelling and histone deacetylation via CHD3 (Mi-2α) and HDACs, respectively. KAP1 interacts with NuRD complex via PHD and bromodomain to alter the chromatin structure.	[8,21,37]
HDAC1	KAP1-HDAC1 complex interaction not only regulates histone modification but also non-histone protein deacetylation to exert a variety of different functions (also shown in Table 2).	[113]
SMARCAD1	SMARCAD1 mediates histone deacetylation and associates with KAP1-HDAC1 complex to regulate chromatin marks.	[58]
DNMT	KAP1 associates with DNMT to maintain DNA methylation at imprinting control region (also shown in Table 2).	[59,61]

HP1: Heterochromatin-associated protein 1; ATM: Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated; PP1: Protein phosphatase 1; CHD3/NuRD: Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 3/nucleosome remodeling deacetylase; HDAC: Histone deacetylase; N-CoR: Nuclear co-repressor; SETDB1: Bifurcated 1; DNMT: DNA methyltransferase.