Culprits or consequences: Understanding the metabolic dysregulation of muscle in diabetes

Figure 1 Insulin signaling cascade involving both glucoregulatory and anabolic pathways. Phosphorylation sites of interest indicated on figure. Blue arrows (→) indicate activation of the substrate, orange bars (Ʇ) indicate inhibitory action on the substrate. Figure created with BioRender.com. mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC: mTOR complex; S6K1: S6 kinase beta-1; IRS: Insulin receptor substrates; PKC: Protein kinase C; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; TSC: Tuberous sclerosis complex; GSK-3β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3β; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphates.