Current understanding of glucose transporter 4 expression and functional mechanisms

Table 1 Summary of glucose transporter family members

Protein (gene)	Amino acids	Km (mm)	Expression sites	Function/substrates	Ref.
GLUT1 (SLC2A1)	492	3-7	Ubiquitous distribution in tissues and culture cells	Basal glucose uptake; glucose, galactose, glucosamine, mannose	[24-30]
GLUT2 (SLC2A2)	524	17	Liver, pancreas, brain, kidney, small intestine	High-capacity low-affinity transport; glucose, galactose, fructose, glucosamine, mannose	[25-27,29-34]
GLUT3 (SLC2A3)	496	1.4	Brain and nerves cells	Neuronal transport; glucose, galactose, mannose	[25-27,29,30,33-35]
GLUT4 (SLC2A4)	509	5	Muscle, fat, heart, hippocampal neurons	Insulin-regulated transport in muscle and fat; glucose, glucosamine	[25-27,29,31,36,37]
GLUT5 (SLC2A5)	501	6	Intestine, kidney, testis, brain	Fructose	[25-27,29,30,34,38-42]
GLUT6 (SLC2A6)	507	5	Spleen, leukocytes, brain	Glucose	[25-27,29,30,43]
GLUT7 (SLC2A7)	524	0.3	Small intestine, colon, testis, liver	Fructose and glucose	[25-27,29,30,38]
GLUT8 (SLC2A8)	477	2	Testis, blastocyst, brain, muscle, adipocytes	Insulin-responsive transport in blastocyst; glucose, fructose, galactose	[25-27,29,30,44,45]
GLUT9 (SLC2A9)	Major 540, Minor 512	0.9	Liver, kidney	Glucose, fructose	[25-27,29,30, 46-48]
GLUT10 (SLC2A10)	541	0.3	Heart, lung, brain, skeletal muscle, placenta, liver, pancreas	Glucose and galactose	[25-27,29,30,48,49]
GLUT11 (SLC2A11)	496	0.2	Heart, muscle, adipose tissue, pancreas	Muscle-specific; fructose and glucose transporter	[25-27,29,30,50-54]
GLUT12 (SLC2A12)	617	4-5	Heart, prostate, skeletal muscle, fat, mammary gland	Glucose	[25-27,29,30,53,55]
GLUT13 (SLC2A13)	Rat 618, human 629	0.1	Brain (neurons intracellular vesicles)	H+-myo-inositol transporter	[25-27,29,30,56]
GLUT14 (SLC2A14)	Short 497, Long 520	unknown	Testis	Glucose transport	[25-27,29,30,57]