Soluble and insoluble signals sculpt osteogenesis in angiogenesis

Figure 5 Apparent redundancy of molecular signals initiating the induction of bone formation in non-human primates P. ursinus : heterotopic intramuscular bone induction by recombinant human transforming growth factor-β₁ and -β₃ (TGF-β₁ and TGF-β₃). A, B: Heterotopic induction of mineralized bone surfaced by osteoid seams after intramuscular implantation of 5 μg hTGF-β₁ (A) and 125 μg hTGF-β₃ (B) harvested on day 30; C, D: Large heterotopic ossicles induced by 125 μg hTGF-β₃ and harvested on day 30 showing corticalization of the newly formed mineralized bone surrounding newly formed trabeculae of mineralized bone surfaced by large osteoid seams and scattered remnants of the implanted collagenous matrix as carrier; E: Heterotopic ossicle induced by 75 μg hTGF-β₃ with substantial mineralization of the newly formed bone (blue in F) surrounding scattered remnants of collagenous matrix as carrier; G, H: Cut surfaces of mineralized and corticalized (arrow in G) ossicles induced by 75 μg hTGF-β₃; Fragmented mineralized bone (H) can be used for autogenous transplantation in cranio-maxillo-facial defects. Undecalcified sections cut at 6 μm stained free-floating with a modified Goldner’s trichrome.