Role of sphingosine 1-phosphate in anti-atherogenic actions of high-density lipoprotein

Figure 1 Reverse cholesterol transport and roles of high-density lipoprotein-associated molecules in cholesterol metabolism-independent cellular activities. A: Scheme of simplified reverse cholesterol transport, in which lipid-free apolipoprotein (apo)A-I accelerates the efflux of excess cholesterol from the peripheral tissue through ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), thereby forming pre-b-high-density lipoprotein (HDL). As a consequence of remodeling with enzymes relevant to the lipoprotein metabolism, such as lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesteryl ester transfer protein, the pre-b discoidal HDL grows and becomes heterogeneous mature spherical HDL, with a different size and composition. Finally, mature HDL supplies cholesterol to the liver through scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), which results in the formation of bile acid; B: Heterogeneous products formed during the remodeling of HDL can be classified for convenience into three groups, i.e. lipid-free apoA-I, pre-β-HDL, and mature spherical HDL. These molecules stimulate endothelial cells (ECs) and hepatocytes through several cell-surface receptors (or transporters), including ABCA1, F1-ATPase, SR-BI, and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase.