Roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in angiogenesis

Figure 3 Possible therapeutic strategies for anti-angiogenesis in tumors and angiogenesis in ischemic diseases. S1P₁ and S1P₂ mediate angiogenic and anti-angiogenic effects of S1P in vivo, respectively. Therefore, it is possible that simultaneous activation of the angiogenic receptor S1P₁ and blockade of the anti-angiogenic receptor S1P₂ are more effective for therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic diseases compared with S1P₁ activation or S1P₂ inhibition alone. In contrast, for anti-angiogenic therapy in cancer, the combination of S1P₁ inhibition and S1P₂ stimulation might be favorable.