Perforation associated with endoscopic submucosal dissection for duodenal neoplasm without a papillary portion

Table 2 Predictors of perforation

		Perforation		P value
		Did not occur	Occurred
Sex	M	33	6
	F	18	2	0.704
Histological diagnosis	Adenoma	33	5
	Carcinoma	18	3	1.000
Tumor location	Pre-ampulla	31	4
	Post-ampulla	20	4	0.704
Tumor size	Under 20 mm	42	3
	Over 20 mm	9	5	0.014
Macroscopic type	Polyploid	11	1
	Superficial	40	7	0.482
Resection method	EMR	34	2
	ESD	17	6	0.047
Prophylactic clipping1	Not applied	10	0
	Applied	41	5	1.000

¹Excluded three cases in which clipping were impossible due to perforation. EMR: Endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; M: Male; F: Female.