Delayed gastric emptying following pancreaticoduodenectomy: Incidence, risk factors, and healthcare utilization

Table 3 Operative and pathology details

	Overall (n = 276)	No DGE group (n = 227)	DGE group (n = 49)	P values
ASA class				0.398
1	1 (0.4%)	1 (0.4%)	0 (0.0%)
2	78 (28.3%)	59 (26.0%)	19 (38.8%)
3	172 (62.3%)	144 (63.4%)	28 (57.1%)
4	16 (5.8%)	14 (6.2%)	2 (4.1%)
Operative time	452.1 ± 100.6	450.0 ± 100.87	461.6 ± 99.7	0.467
Procedure performed				0.169
Classic	55 (19.9%)	49 (21.6%)	6 (12.2%)
Pylorus-preserving	221 (80.1%)	178 (78.4%)	43 (87.8%)
EBL	515.7 ± 571.4	509.3 ± 533.59	544.0 ± 722.99	0.702
Transfusions	49 (17.8%)	37 (16.3%)	12 (24.5%)	0.178
Pancreas texture				0.264
Soft	144 (52.2%)	115 (50.7%)	29 (59.2%)
Firm/hard	121 (64.8%)	103 (45.4%)	18 (36.7%)
PD size	4.2 ± 2.29	4.3 ± 2.21	4.1 ± 2.65	0.612
PD anastomotic stent	117 (42.4%)	99 (43.6%)	18 (36.7%)	0.377
Vein resection	41 (14.9%)	34 (15.0%)	7 (14.3%)	0.902
Pathological diagnosis
PDAC	118 (42.8%)	103 (45.4%)	15 (30.6%)	0.058
Neuroendocrine	12 (4.3%)	11 (4.8%)	1 (2.0%)	0.383
Ampullary	38 (13.8%)	30 (13.2%)	8 (16.3%)	0.567
Cystic	41 (14.9%)	32 (14.1%)	9 (18.4%)	0.446
Pancreatitis	33 (12.0%)	28 (12.3%)	5 (10.2%)	0.677
Cholangiocarcinoma	7 (2.5%)	5 (2.2%)	2 (4.1%)	0.807
Other	27 (9.8%)	18 (7.9%)	9 (18.4%)	0.026
Fistula risk score
Negative (0 points)	34 (12.4%)	28 (12.4%)	6 (12.2%)	0.861
Low (1-2 points)	62 (22.6%)	58 (25.7%)	4 (8.2%)	0.008
Moderate (3-6 points)	138 (50.2%)	106 (46.9%)	32 (65.3%)	0.020
High (7-10 points)	30 (10.9%)	24 (10.6%)	6 (12.2%)	0.741

DGE: Delayed gastric emptying; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; EBL: Estimated blood loss; PD: Pancreatic duct; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.