Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A study from India on the impact of evolution from a low to a high volume unit

Table 5 Postoperative complications and outcome

Variable	Low volume (< 10 PDs/yr), n = 20	Medium volume (10-24 PDs/yr), n = 44	High volume (≥ 25 PDs/yr), n = 136	P value
Pancreatic fistula, n (%)	3 (15.0)	7 (15.9)	5 (3.6)
Grade A	1 (33.3)	3 (42.8)	2 (40.0)	0.011
Grade B	1 (33.3)	3 (42.8)	2 (40.0)
Grade C	1 (33.3)	1 (14.3)	1 (20.0)
Delayed gastric emptying, n (%)	4 (20.0)	8 (18.2)	8 (5.9)
Grade A	2	6	7
Grade B	1	2	1	0.018
Grade C	1	0	0
Hemorrhage, n (%)	2	1	0
Grade A	1	0	0	0.007
Grade B	0	1	0
Grade C	1	0	0
Intra-abdominal infection, n (%)	1 (5.0)	2 (4.5)	1 (0.7)	0.175
Bile leak, n (%)	1 (5.0)	2 (4.5)	2 (1.5)	0.395
Total morbidity, n (%)	10 (50.0)	20 (45.5)	37 (27.2)	0.021
Major morbidity (Clavien grade III, IV)	3 (15.0)	2 (4.5)	3 (2.2)	0.024
Reoperation, n (%)	2 (10.0)	2 (4.5)	1 (0.7)	0.029
Mortality, n (%)	2 (10)	1 (2.2)	0	0.007
Postoperative length of hospital stay (d), mean ± SD	11.8 ± 3.4	11.3 ± 2.9	7.9 ± 1.7	< 0.001

PD: Pancreaticoduodenectomy.