Laparoscopic liver resection: Experience based guidelines

Table 1 Laparoscopic liver resection learning curve key points

Knowledge of caudal view anatomy

Training in cadaveric and/or animal model

Clinical training should follow an increasing order of procedure difficulty (Difficult Scoring System for LLR[78] can be used to point difficulty levels)

Minor anterolateral resections

Minor anatomical resections (start with LLS)

Difficult resections

Major resections

Graft harvesting for LDLT

HALS and hybrid resections can be used in the early experience to overcome the learning curve

LLR: Laparoscopic liver resection; LLS: Left lateral sectionectomy; LDLT: Living donor liver transplantation; HALS: Hand-assisted liver surgery.