Management of afferent loop obstruction: Reoperation or endoscopic and percutaneous interventions?

Table 1 Classification of afferent loop obstruction and management strategy

Causes			Management
Benign	Intraluminal	Foreign bodies	Surgery[2]
		Bezoar
		Enteroliths
		Intussusception
	Intramural	Gastrojejunostomy ulceration
	Extrinsic	Adhesions
		Volvulus
		Internal hernia
Malignant	Recurrence	Gastric remnant	Endoscopy for enteral stenting[32]
		Anastomotic sites	Transhepatic percutaneous enteral stenting or direct percutaneous tube enterostomy[29]
		Lymph nodes	By-pass surgery[2]
		Peritoneum
		Carcinomatosis
Radiation enteritis			Excision of the former afferent loop and reconstruction[31,33]