Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Apr 27, 2025; 17(4): 104884
Published online Apr 27, 2025. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i4.104884
Table 4 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the training and validation cohorts, n (%)
Characteristic
Overall (n = 848)
Training cohort (n = 593)
Validation cohort (n = 255)
P value
Age (year)53.00 (45.00-61.00)53.00 (46.00-61.00)51.00 (42.00-62.00)0.078
Sex
Male590 (69.58)406 (68.47)184 (72.16)0.284
Female258 (30.42)187 (31.53)71 (27.84)-
Pre-TIPS Child Pugh class
A417 (49.17)292 (49.24)125 (49.02)0.969
B372 (43.87)259 (43.68)113 (44.31)-
C59 (6.96)42 (7.08)17 (6.67)-
Etiology
Alcohol97 (11.44)61 (10.29)36 (14.12)0.183
Autoimmune liver disease46 (5.42)37 (6.24)9 (3.53)-
Cryptogenic252 (29.72)180 (30.35)72 (28.24)-
Drug-induced liver injury18 (2.12)15 (2.53)3 (1.18)-
Hepatitis B virus391 (46.11)267 (45.03)124 (48.63)-
Hepatitis C virus44 (5.19)33 (5.56)11 (4.31)-
Pre-TIPS portal venous pressure (mmHg)33.04 (29.00-37.55)33.80 (29.29-37.55)33.04 (29.00-38.00)0.632
Post-TIPS portal venous pressure (mmHg)22.00 (18.00-26.00)22.00 (18.00-26.00)22.00 (17.27-26.00)0.774
Pre-TIPS inferior vena cava pressure (mmHg)8.00 (6.00-10.00)8.00 (6.00-10.00)8.00 (6.00-10.00)0.998
Post-TIPS inferior vena cava pressure (mmHg)9.00 (8.00-12.00)9.00 (8.00-11.00)10.00 (8.00-12.00)0.212
Pre-TIPS portal pressure gradient (mmHg)25.47 (21.03-29.79)25.30 (21.00-30.00)26.00 (21.66-29.00)0.991
Post-TIPS porta pressure gradient (mmHg)11.72 (8.00-15.78)11.90 (8.00-15.91)11.02 (7.00-15.53)0.311
Portal vein diameter (mm)12.00 (10.20-15.82)12.00 (10.30-15.80)12.70 (10.20-15.85)0.683
Right hepatic vein wedge pressure (mmHg)27.00 (21.00-32.00)27.00 (21.00-32.00)27.00 (23.00-31.77)0.637
Right hepatic vein free pressure (mmHg)10.75 (9.00-12.00)10.75 (9.00-12.00)10.75 (8.00-12.00)0.706
Pre-TIPS right atrial pressure (mmHg)6.13 (5.00-6.13)6.13 (5.00-6.13)6.13 (4.25-7.00)0.911
Pre-TIPS Child-Pugh score7.00 (6.00-8.00)7.00 (5.00-8.00)7.00 (6.00-8.00)0.600
Pre-TIPS MELD score59.96 (56.61-63.00)60.10 (56.68-63.25)59.59 (56.59-62.66)0.376
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)22.65 (15.90-34.80)22.70 (16.00-35.20)22.10 (15.90-34.30)0.882
Direct bilirubin (μmol/L)9.90 (6.70-15.93)9.80 (6.50-16.30)10.50 (6.95-15.30)0.424
Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L)12.80 (8.98-19.62)13.20 (9.00-19.40)12.20 (8.95-19.82)0.371
Creatinine (μmol/L)62.00 (52.00-74.00)62.00 (52.00-74.00)62.00 (51.50-73.00)0.643
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)20.00 (14.00-29.00)19.00 (14.00-27.69)21.00 (13.50-29.00)0.622
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)28.00 (21.00-38.00)28.00 (21.00-37.00)27.00 (21.00-41.50)0.898
Kalium (mmol/L)3.94 (3.62-4.22)3.94 (3.61-4.24)3.93 (3.63-4.16)0.585
Natrium (mmol/L)140.00 (138.00-142.00)140.00 (138.00-142.00)140.00 (138.00-142.00)0.983
Chlorine (mmol/L)107.00 (104.00-109.00)107.00 (104.00-109.00)107.00 (104.00-109.00)0.975
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)88.00 (66.00-123.00)86.00 (66.00-121.00)90.00 (67.00-136.50)0.188
Glutamyl transferase (U/L)38.00 (20.00-73.00)37.00 (20.00-71.00)41.00 (19.00-78.50)0.533
Serum urea nitrogen (mmol/L)4.91 (3.99-6.41)4.97 (4.04-6.44)4.78 (3.90-6.29)0.326
Total protein (g/L)66.10 (61.71-70.40)66.03 (61.30-70.00)66.47 (62.41-71.65)0.121
Albumin (g/L)35.73 (32.10-39.12)35.80 (32.30-39.30)35.50 (32.00-38.80)0.297
International normalized ratio1.27 (1.15-1.44)1.27 (1.15-1.42)1.30 (1.16-1.44)0.280
Activated partial thromboplastin time (s)33.40 (31.00-36.83)33.50 (30.90-37.10)33.20 (31.20-36.00)0.554
Prothrombin time (s)14.00 (12.70-15.72)13.90 (12.70-15.50)14.40 (12.80-16.00)0.146
Prothrombin time activity (%)66.00 (56.00-77.00)67.00 (57.00-77.00)65.00 (56.00-76.00)0.334
Fibrinogen (g/L)1.99 (1.57-2.50)1.98 (1.56-2.48)2.01 (1.62-2.54)0.396
Blood ammonia (μmol/L)42.64 (32.40-59.50)42.30 (32.20-58.65)43.40 (32.95-62.85)0.360
White blood cell count (× 109/L)2.83 (1.90-4.19)2.88 (1.90-4.14)2.72 (1.86-4.23)0.698
Hemoglobin (× 1012/L)86.50 (74.00-104.00)87.00 (74.00-104.00)86.00 (75.00-104.00)0.385
Platelet count (× 109/L)76.00 (50.00-121.00)76.00 (50.00-116.00)76.00 (52.00-123.50)0.287
Alpha fetoprotein (ng/mL)220.56 (2.85-423.31)233.19 (2.88-413.82)156.85 (2.66-428.81)0.465
Carcinoembryonic antigen (ng/mL)2.44 (1.62-3.61)2.40 (1.63-3.54)2.64 (1.60-3.75)0.378
Carbohydrate antigen 125 (U/mL)125.24 (36.20-233.29)137.25 (40.10-242.69)100.70 (33.20-204.23)0.057
Cancer antigen 15-3 (U/mL)10.30 (7.50-14.20)10.30 (7.50-14.10)10.40 (7.10-14.65)0.604
Glycosylated chain antigen CA199 (U/mL)10.94 (4.43-15.26)11.47 (4.81-15.26)9.26 (4.07-15.26)0.179