Risk factors for bile leakage after laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in older patients with choledocholithiasis

Table 2 Analysis of factors related to bile leakage after laparoscopic common bile duct exploration

Characteristic	Non-bile leakage	Bile leakage	P value
Sex
Male	26	5	1.000
Female	32	7	-
Age (years), mean ± SD	77.10 ± 5.483	79.09 ± 6.788	0.278
Viral hepatitis B
Yes	2	1	1.000
No	56	11	-
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	10	5	0.136
No	48	7	-
Hypertension
Yes	33	9	0.400
No	25	3	-
White blood cell count
< 10 × 109/L	51	12	0.343
≥ 10 × 109/L	7	0	-
Percentage of neutrophils
< 70%	32	7	1.000
≥ 70%	26	5	-
Hemoglobin
< 120 g/L	31	9	0.292
≥ 120 g/L	27	3	-
Total bilirubin
< 34.2 μmol/L	41	6	0.165
≥ 34.2 μmol/L	17	6	-
Direct bilirubin
< 17.1 μmol/L	39	6	0.256
≥ 17.1 μmol/L	19	6	-
Indirect bilirubin
< 17.1 μmol/L	43	9	1.000
≥ 17.1 μmol/L	15	3	-
Alanine transaminase
< 80 U/L	29	8	0.462
≥ 80 U/L	29	4	-
Aspartate aminotransferase
< 70 U/L	39	8	1.000
≥ 70 U/L	19	4	-
Alkaline phosphatase
< 100 U/L	12	2	1.000
≥ 100 U/L	46	10	-
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase
< 45 U/L	5	2	0.751
≥ 45 U/L	53	10	-
Total bile acid
< 13 μmol/L	38	6	0.311
≥ 13 μmol/L	20	6	-
Total cholesterol1
< 5.7 mmol/L	49	12	0.341
≥ 5.7 mmol/L	9	0	-
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol1
< 1.55 mmol/L	45	11	0.476
≥ 1.55 mmol/L	13	1	-
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol1
< 3.36 mmol/L	46	11	0.552
≥ 3.36 mmol/L	12	1	-
Amylase
< 133 U/L	50	10	1.000
≥ 133 U/L	8	2	-
Total protein
< 65 g/L	36	9	0.603
≥ 65 g/L	22	3	-
Albumin
< 35 g/L	28	6	0.913
≥ 35 g/L	30	6	-
Associated cholecystectomy
Yes	57	12	1.000
No	1	0	-
Stone position
Upper	11	4	0.473
Lower ends	47	8	-
Number of stones
≤ 1	23	4	0.933
> 1	35	8	-
Stone size
< 10 mm	15	5	0.452
≥ 10 mm	43	7	-
Diameter of CBDSs
< 10 mm	6	2	0.898
≥ 10 mm	52	10	-
Operation mode
PDC	32	4	0.345
T-tube drainage	21	7	-
PDC + ENBD	5	1	-
Abdominal surgery history
Yes	14	4	0.764
No	44	8	-
Periampullary diverticula
Yes	4	2	0.593
No	54	10	-
Postoperative fasting time
≤ 1 day	33	9	0.400
> 1 day	25	3	-
Bacterial culture of bile1
Negative	26	1	< 0.05
Positive	32	11	-

¹Missing data are marked.

CBDSs: Common bile duct stones; ENBD: Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage; PDC: Primary duct closure.