Association of Clostridium difficile infection with clinical outcomes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Ref.	Country	Study design	Sample size	CDI positive cases	CDI negative cases	Age (mean, SD; median, IQR; range), years	Gender (% male)	IBD type	IBD duration (years)	Smoking (% of current smokers)	Location of IBD	IBD severity (remission, mild, moderate, severe)	Co-morbidities	Risk of bias assessment (NOS score)
AlKhormi et al[18], 2023	Saudi Arabia	Case-control study	95	16	79	Median: 24 (19-33)	47.4	Both CD and UC	6	11.7	Colon-dominant CD-10, ileum-dominant CD-55, CD unclassified-3	-	Diabetes: 9.4, hypertension: 8.3	5
Chen et al[19], 2019	China	Prospective observational cohort study	230	32	198	Mean: 37.7 (14.3)	66.5	Both CD and UC	-	-	-	Remission: 3.9, mild: 34.3, moderate: 47.3, severe: 14.3	-	5
Garcia et al[20], 2018	Brazil	Prospective cohort study	66	19	47	Mean: 40.95 (13.2)	36.3	Both CD and UC	6	9.1	Extensive-36.8, left-sided UC-21.1, colonic/ileocolonic CD-42.1	Mild-to-moderate: 84.2, severe: 15.8	-	7
Gros et al[21], 2023	Spain	Retrospective case-control study	105	35	70	Median: 48 (28-65)	77.1	Both CD and UC	-	11.4	-	-	Diabetes: 6.6	7
Joshi et al[22], 2017	United Kingdom	Retrospective cohort study	94	47	47	-	-	Both CD and UC	-	-	-	-	-	7
Kariv et al[23], 2011	United States	Retrospective case-control study	78	39	39	Median: 39 (33–55)		UC	7.6	30.7	-	-	Diabetes: 5.12; other comorbidities: 27.8	5
Kim et al[24], 2018	Korea	Prospective multicentre observational study	81	8	73	Mean: 39.6 (14.5)	49.3	UC	3.4	-	-	-	-	3
Li et al[25], 2018	China	Case-control retrospective study	197	60	137	Median: 38.0 (28.0-49.0)	60.9	Both CD and UC	12	16.2	Proctitis-1, left-sided colitis-24.5, extensive colitis-74.5	Mild: 16.7, moderate: 44.1, severe: 39.2	Diabetes: 6.6	7
Maharshak et al[26], 2018	Israel	Retrospective case-control study	383	28	355	Median: 38.1 (30-60)	42.8	Both CD and UC	6	20.1	Small intestine-11.8, colon-29.4, ileocolonic-58.8	-	Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 2 = 35.7%	5
Samman et al[27], 2023	Saudi Arabia	Retrospective cohort study	602	53	549	Mean: 36.58 (14.03)	48.8	Both CD and UC	-	2.4	-	-	-	7
Xu et al[28], 2019	China	Retrospective cohort study	102	34	68	Median: 44.5 (29.0-60.0)	47.1	Both CD and UC		12.7	-	Remission: 16.2, mild: 45.1, moderate: 38.2	Diabetes: 9.5	5
Gu et al[35], 2017	China	Retrospective cohort study	260	13	247	Mean: 35.7 (16.2)	56.1	Both CD and UC	-	-	Ileum-34.6, colon-38.8, ileocolon-26.5, upper GI involvement-1.92	Remission: 15.7, mild: 50, moderate: 34.3	-	3
Zhang et al[29], 2016	China	Retrospective cohort study	646	99	547	Median: 33 (16-76)	63.7	Both CD and UC	-	-	-	Remission: 47.9, mild: 36.2, severe: 15.7	-	5
Bernard et al[30], 2022	United States	Retrospective cohort study	300	161	139	Median: 49 (34–62)	47.7	Both CD and UC	9.8	16.6	-	-	-	7
Negrón et al[31], 2016	Canada	Cohort study	1754	81	1673	Median: 41	50.4	Both CD and UC	-	-	-	-	-	7
Rezapour et al[32], 2018	United States	Retrospective cohort study	224500	3832	220668	Mean: 45 (20.7)	47	Both CD and UC	-	-	-	-	-	5
Saffouri et al[33], 2017	United States	Prospective cohort study	562000	20798	541202		47.1	Both CD and UC	-	-	-	-	-	5
Anderson et al[34], 2017	United States	Propensity scores matched analysis	198	66	192	Mean: 45.4 (15.2)	43.7	Both CD and UC	-	-	Ileal-26.5, colonic-31.6, ileocolonic-44.9, upper GI-4.1	-	-	5
Navaneethan et al[36], 2012	United States	Prospective cohort study	146	45	101	Mean: 45.9 (17.2)	65	Both CD and UC	2.3	-	Rectum-4, left sided-11.5, extensive-84.4	-	-	5
Murthy et al[37], 2012	Canada	Retrospective cohort study		181	1835		47	UC	2	-	-	-	-	7
Jodorkovsky et al[38], 2010	United States	Prospective cohort study	99	47	52		52.4	UC	-	-	-	-	-	5

CDI: Clostridium difficile infection; IQR: Interquartile range; CD: Crohn’s disease; GI: Gastrointestinal; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; NOS: Newcastle Ottawa Scale; UC: Ulcerative colitis.