Advancements in nutritional diagnosis and support strategies during the perioperative period for patients with liver cancer

Table 4 Global leadership initiative on malnutrition

Phenotypic indicators			Etiological indicators
Involuntary decline in body mass	Reduction in BMI	Decrease in muscle mass	Decreased food intake or impaired digestion and absorption	Inflammation or disease burden
Body mass reduction exceeding 5% within a span of 6 mo	Below 20 kg/m2 for individuals under 70 yr of age; below 22 kg/m2 for individuals aged 70 and above (according to European and American standards)	None	Food intake below 50% of energy requirements for more than 1 wk	Acute illness or injury
Body mass reduction exceeding 10% over a period of more than 6 mo	Below 18.5 kg/m2 for individuals under 70 yr of age; below 20 kg/m2 for individuals aged 70 and above (according to Asian standards)		Food intake reduction for more than 2 wk	Chronic disease
—	—		Any gastrointestinal symptoms that affect digestion and absorption

—: Intentionally blank, no information. BMI: Body mass index.