Consideration on immunotherapy of liver metastases of malignant tumors

Table 1 Immunotherapy-based combination therapy for malignant liver metastasis

Cancer	Ref.	Type	Combination	Treatment strategy
Lung cancer	Ma et al[45]	Clinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy	Anti-PD-1 + anlotinib
	Jiang et al[46]	Preclinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy + radiotherapy	Anti-PD-1 + anlotinib + radiotherapy
	Gadgeel et al[24]	Clinical study	Immunotherapy + chemotherapy	Pembrolizumab + pemetrexed
	Socinski et al[34]	Clinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy + chemotherapy	Atezolizumab + bevacizumab + carboplatin + paclitaxel
	Hellmann et al[35]	Clinical study	Dual immunotherapy	Nivolumab + ipilimumab
Colorectal cancer	Ragusa et al[33]	Preclinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy	Anti-PD-1 + VEGF inhibitors
	Song et al[39]	Preclinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy	Anti-PD-L1 + lipopolysaccharide block
	Wang et al[47]	Clinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy	Toripalimab + regorafenib
	Eng et al[48]	Clinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy	Atezolizumab + cobimetinib
	Hu et al[40]	Preclinical study	Immunotherapy + gene therapy	Anti-PD-1 + relaxin gene therapy
	Kadota et al[49]	Preclinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy	Anti-PD-1 + dasatinib
	Inoue et al[26]	Clinical study	Immunotherapy + chemotherapy	Cetuximab + chemotherapy
Pancreatic cancer	Ho et al[29]	Preclinical study	Immunotherapy + chemotherapy	Anti-PD-1 + gemcitabine
	Qiu et al[50]	Clinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy	Sintilimab + anlotinib + S-1
	Blair et al[51]	Preclinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy	Anti-PD-1 + focal adhesion kinase inhibitor (FAKi) + Anti-CXCR4 antibody
	Matsumoto et al[38]	Preclinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy	Alpha-galactosylceramide (KRN7000) + angiogenesis inhibitor AGM-1470 (TNP470)
	Hu et al[40]	Preclinical study	Immunotherapy + gene therapy	Anti-PD-1 + relaxin gene therapy
	Zhang et al[52]	Case report	Immunotherapy + chemotherapy	Penpulimab + modified FOLFIRINOX
Breast cancer	Schmid et al[53]	Clinical study	Immunotherapy + chemotherapy	Atezolizumab + nab-paclitaxel
	Yu et al[20]	Preclinical study	Immunotherapy + radiotherapy	Anti-PD-L1 + radiotherapy
	Lee et al[21]	Preclinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy	Anti-PD-1 + regulatory T cells targeting therapy
	Hu et al[40]	Preclinical study	Immunotherapy + gene therapy	Anti-PD-1 + relaxin gene therapy
	Ozaki et al[54]	Clinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy + chemotherapy	Nivolumab + bevacizumab + paclitaxel
Melanoma	Tang et al[55]	Clinical study	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy + chemotherapy	Anti-PD-1 + axitinib +TACE
	Hong et al[56]	Case report	Immunotherapy + cryoablation	Anti-PD-1 + cryoablation
	Blomen et al[57]	Clinical study	Dual imunotherapy + liver-specific therapies	Nivolumab + ipilimumab + liver-specific therapies
Gastric cancer	Xu et al[32]	Case report	Immunotherapy + radiotherapy	Anti-PD-L1 + radiotherapy
	Wang et al[58]	Case report	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy	Camrelizumab + lenvatinib
	Peng et al[59]	Case report	Immunotherapy + chemotherapy	AK104 (a PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific antibody) + mXELOX
Gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma	Liu et al[60]	Case report	Immunotherapy + targeted therapy + chemotherapy	Pembrolizumab + bevacizumab + epirubicin + albumin binding paclitaxel
Nasopharyngeal cancer	Zhang et al[61]	Case report	Immunotherapy + chemotherapy	Anti-PD-1 + TP regimen (nab-paclitaxel + cisplatin)
Cervical cancer	Nance et al[62]	Case report	Immunotherapy + radiotherapy	Pembrolizumab + Yttrium-90 (Y90)