Risk factors associated with intraoperative persistent hypotension in pancreaticoduodenectomy

Table 1 Baseline characteristics, n (%)

	Total (n = 1596)	Intraoperative persistent hypotension (n = 661)	Non-intraoperative persistent hypotension (n = 935)	P value
Age, yr, median (IQR)	64.0 (56.0-70.0)	65.0 (57.0-70.0)	63.0 (55.0-69.5)	0.001
Age, yr				0.030
≤ 40	50 (3.13)	16 (2.42)	34 (3.63)
41-50	135 (8.45)	51 (7.71)	84 (8.98)
51-60	422 (26.44)	152 (23.0)	270 (28.87)
61-70	631 (39.53)	283 (42.81)	348 (37.21)
> 70	358 (22.43)	159 (24.05)	199 (21.28)
Sex				0.620
Male	957 (59.96)	401 (60.66)	556 (59.46)
Female	639 (40.03)	260 (39.33)	379 (40.53)
Body mass index, kg/m2, median (IQR)	22.83 (20.89-24.77)	22.86 (20.81-24.91)	22.80 (20.97-24.64)	0.830
ASA physical status				0.001
I	43 (2.69)	14 (2.11)	29 (31.00)
II	1255 (78.63)	500 (75.64)	755 (80.75)
III	298 (18.67)	147 (22.23)	151 (16.15)
Basic diseases
Hypertension	539 (33.77)	242 (36.61)	297 (31.76)	< 0.001
Diabetes	312 (19.55)	134 (20.27)	178 (19.04)	< 0.001
Preoperative albumin level, g/L (IQR)	37.60 (35.50-40.80)	37.60 (35.10-40.30)	38.00 (35.90-41.20)	< 0.010
Preoperative blood gas analysis, median (IQR)
pH	7.45 (7.44-7.47)	7.46 (7.44-7.47)	7.45 (7.43-7.47)	0.100
PaCO2 (mmHg)	38 (36-41)	39 (36-41)	39 (36-41)	0.270
HCO3- (mmol/L)	27.10 (25.90-28.40)	27.00 (25.80-28.20)	27.20 (25.90-28.50)	0.090
Hb (mmol/L)	12.50 (11.20-13.60)	12.50 (11.00-13.60)	12.50 (11.20-13.60)	0.250
Lac (mmol/L)	0.90 (0.70-1.10)	0.90 (0.70-1.20)	0.90 (0.70-1.10)	0.360
Ca2+ (mmol/L)	1.11 (1.06-1.15)	1.11 (1.07-1.14)	1.11 (1.06-1.15)	0.470
Glu (mmol/L)	6.20 (5.40-7.60)	6.20 (5.40-7.70)	6.10 (5.30-7.50)	0.270

IQR: Interquartile range; pH: Arterial plasma pH; PaCO₂: Arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure; HCO₃: Plasma bicarbonate ions; Hb: Arterial hemoglobin; Lac: Arterial plasma lactate; Ca²⁺: Arterial plasma calcium ions; Glu: Arterial blood glucose concentration; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.