Evaluating the use of three-dimensional reconstruction visualization technology for precise laparoscopic resection in gastroesophageal junction cancer

Table 1 Analysis of patient characteristics in each group, n (%)

Variables	3D group (n = 52)	2D group (n = 68)	χ2/t value	P value
Age (yr, mean ± SD)	51.96 ± 8.30	50.28 ± 9.10	1.042	0.300
BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD)	21.68 (19.62, 24.92)	22.06 (20.45, 23.92)	-0.172	0.863
Sex			2.631	0.105
Male	38 (73.08)	40 (58.82)
Female	14 (26.92)	28 (41.18)
Pathological pattern			0.502	0.778
Squamous cell carcinoma	15 (28.85)	18 (26.47)
Adenocarcinoma	24 (46.15)	29 (42.65)
Other	13 (25.00)	21 (30.88)
Helicobacter pylori infection			0.900	0.343
Yes	12 (23.08)	21 (30.88)
No	40 (76.92)	47 (69.12)
Siewert type			1.222	0.269
II	23 (44.23)	37 (54.41)
III	29 (55.77)	31 (45.59)
Scope of resection			0.351	0.554
Whole stomach	27 (51.92)	39 (57.35)
Proximal stomach	25 (48.08)	29 (42.65)
Operative route			0.2115	0.643
Transthoracic approach	35 (67.31)	43 (63.24)
Transabdominal	17 (32.69)	25 (36.76)
Maximum tumor diameter			0.543	0.461
< 3 cm	24 (46.15)	36 (52.94)
≥ 3 cm	28 (53.85)	32 (47.06)
Infiltration length			1.211	0.271
< 5 cm	20 (38.46)	33 (48.53)
≥ 5 cm	32 (61.54)	35 (51.47)

BMI: Body mass index; 3D: Three-dimensional; 2D: Two-dimensional.