Near-infrared cholangiography with intragallbladder indocyanine green injection in minimally invasive cholecystectomy

Table 2 An overview of systems used in different studies, the chosen technique of indocyanine green administration and dosage

Ref.	NIR-ICG fluorescence device	ICG dose/concentration	Technique of administration
Liu et al[12], 2018	A specific light source (D-Light P, Karl Storz, GmbH & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany) with a NIR-enabled Hopkins 10-mm, 30° laparoscope (Karl Storz, GmbH & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany); a coupled IMAGE1 S camera head; the IMAGE1 S software enhancement mode	0.125 mg/mL; 10 mL	n = 18 PTGBD; n = 28 percutaneous punctures of the gallbladder with a Veress needle, using 2-0 Prolene stitch
Graves et al[19], 2017	A 30-degree 5 mm laparoscope with NIR imaging capability (Stryker Corporation, Kalamazoo, MI, United States)	0.025 mg/mL ICG-bile solution; 10 mL	Gallbladder puncture with a needle-tipped Kumar cholangiogram catheter or an 8Fr pigtail drainage catheter (Cook, Inc., Bloomington, IN, United States)
Quaresima et al[20], 2020	-Karl Storz Image 1S D-Light system (Karl Storz Endoscope GmbH & C. K., Tuttlingen Germany) with a 30° forward oblique vision laparoscope; use of adjunctive filters (Spectra A) intraoperatively	0.5 mg/mL; 4.0 mL	Gallbladder puncture with a Veress needle and close of the puncture site with suture material
Jao et al[16], 2020	Image 1 High-Definition fluorescence laparoscope (Karl Storz Endoscopes, Germany)	2.5-mg/mL; 5 mL	Via PTGBD
Gené Škrabec et al[18], 2020	Olympus EndoEye 3D camera	0.25 mg/mL; 2-3 mL	Gallbladder puncture with a Veress needle and closure of the entry point with a grasper, a stitch, or a clip
Cárdenas et al[17], 2021	Pinpoint fluorescence endoscopic imaging system (Novadaq/Stryker)	2.5 mg/mL; 2-4 mL	Percutaneous gallbladder puncture under direct vision in the fundus using a 22-gauge epidural needle (Spinocan, Braun); puncture site was closed using forceps
Shibata et al[21], 2021	Non stated	0.025 mg/mL; 1 mL	n = 3 percutaneous gallbladder punctures; n = 8 PTGBD; n = 1 ENBD
Castagneto-Gissey et al[22], 2022	Pinpoint Fluorescence Endoscopic Imaging System (Novadaq/Stryker, Burnaby, Canada)	0.5 mg/mL; 5 mL	Percutaneous gallbladder puncture with a 27-gauge needle

NIR: Near infra-red; ICG: Indocyanine green; ENBD: Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage; PTGBD: Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage catheter.