Endoscopic-ultrasound-guided biliary drainage with placement of electrocautery-enhanced lumen-apposing metal stent for palliation of malignant biliary obstruction: Updated meta-analysis

Table 3 Subgroup analysis

Subgroup	No. of studies	No. of patients	Pooled rates as % (95 %CI)	I2 as %	τ2
Technical success rate
Low-quality	5	173	94.7 (86.7-99.5)	53.0	0.01
High-quality	9	447	97.3 (93.8-99.5)	59.0	< 0.01
European	10	467	95.1 (91.1-98.1)	55.0	< 0.01
Outside the European	4	153	99.7 (96.1-100.0)	16.0	< 0.01
Cohort size (≥ 50 patients)	6	419	96.1 (91.8-99.0)	69.0	< 0.01
Cohort size (< 50 patients)	8	201	96.8 (91.5-99.9)	45.0	< 0.01
Single-center	7	233	97.0 (90.7-100.0)	66.0	0.01
Multi-center	7	387	96.0 (92.3-98.7)	46.0	< 0.01
Published before 2021	6	324	97.0 (92.8-99.6)	60.0	< 0.01
Published from 2021 onwards	8	306	96.1 (90.9-99.4)	51.0	< 0.01
Clinical success rate
Low-quality	4	106	88.4 (80.8-94.6)	0	< 0.01
High-quality	9	447	91.6 (85.6-96.3)	75.0	0.01
European	10	467	89.9 (83.7-94.9)	73.0	0.01
Outside the European	3	86	94.6 (87.7-99.1)	0	0
Cohort size (≥ 50 patients)	5	352	90.0 (81.4-96.2)	84.0	0.01
Cohort size (< 50 patients)	8	201	91.5 (85.1-96.5)	36.0	< 0.01
Single-center	7	233	91.9 (86.9-95.9)	29.0	< 0.01
Multi-center	6	320	90.0 (81.2-96.4)	81.0	0.02
Published before 2021	5	247	93.7 (88.6-97.5)	41.0	< 0.01
Published from 2021 onwards	8	306	88.7 (81.0-94.7)	60.0	0.01
Adverse events rate
Low-quality	4	106	13.1 (1.6-30.6)	77.0	0.03
High-quality	9	447	18.5 (14.4-22.9)	28.0	< 0.01
European	10	467	16.4 (10.7-22.9)	60.0	< 0.01
Outside the European	3	86	22.9 (11.9-35.8)	11.0	< 0.01
Cohort size (≥ 50 patients)	5	352	13.3 (7.1-21.0)	69.0	< 0.01
Cohort size (< 50 patients)	8	201	22.3 (15.4-30.0)	13.0	< 0.01
Single-center	7	233	14.1 (6.7-23.3)	63.0	0.01
Multi-center	6	320	20.4 (14.2-27.3)	43.0	< 0.01
Published before 2021	5	247	16.7 (11.6-22.4)	39.0	< 0.01
Published from 2021 onwards	8	306	17.8 (9.8-27.3)	66.0	0.01
Reintervention rate
Low-quality	4	106	6.8 (0-22.6)	80.0	0.03
High-quality	9	447	7.9 (5.4-10.8)	17.0	< 0.01
European	10	467	6.0 (2.8-10.0)	48.0	< 0.01
Outside the European	3	86	15.1 (7.5-24.2)	0	0
Cohort size (≥ 50 patients)	5	352	6.5 (2.1-12.7)	70.0	0.01
Cohort size (< 50 patients)	8	201	8.8 (4.0-14.7)	28.0	< 0.01
Single-center	7	233	7.8 (2.1-15.8)	67.0	0.01
Multi-center	6	320	6.9 (4.2-10.2)	24.0	< 0.01
Published before 2021	5	247	10.1 (6.1-14.9)	22.0	< 0.01
Published from 2021 onwards	8	306	5.2 (1.0-11.3)	59.0	0.01

CI: Confidence interval.