Risk stratification in gastric cancer lung metastasis: Utilizing an overall survival nomogram and comparing it with previous staging

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis of gastric cancer overall survival

Variables	Beta	SE	Z	P value	HR (95%CI)	m_Beta	m_SE	m_Z	P value	HR (95%CI)
Months from diagnosis to treatment	-0.15	0.03	-4.90	< 0.001a	0.86 (0.81-0.92)	-0.15	0.04	-4.11	< 0.001b	0.86 (0.80-0.93)
Tumor size
≤ 5					Ref.
5-10	0.13	0.07	1.96	0.05a	1.14 (1.01-1.31)
≥ 10	0.08	0.15	0.53	0.593	1.08 (0.81-1.45)
Age
2					Ref.
1	-0.10	0.07	-1.52	0.127	0.91 (0.80-1.03)
Race
White					Ref.
Other	0.19	0.09	1.99	0.047a	1.20 (1.01-1.45)
Black	0.14	0.10	1.42	0.154	1.15 (0.95-1.39)
Sex
Female					Ref.
Male	0.03	0.06	0.42	0.677	1.03 (0.91-1.16)
Primary site
Antrum					Ref.					Ref.
Others	0.19	0.11	1.72	0.085a	1.21 (0.97-1.50)	0.24	0.11	2.10	0.036b	1.26 (1.02-1.58)
Cardia	-0.06	0.10	-0.54	0.591	0.95 (0.77-1.16)	0.13	0.11	1.22	0.222	1.14 (0.92-1.41)
Body	0.14	0.15	0.97	0.331	1.16 (0.86-1.55)	0.41	0.15	2.73	0.006b	1.51 (1.12-2.04)
Pylorus	0.03	0.30	0.09	0.928	1.03 (0.57-1.86)	0.44	0.31	1.42	0.154	1.55 (0.85-2.85)
Fundus	0.19	0.16	1.19	0.234	1.21 (0.88-1.65)	0.12	0.16	0.77	0.442	1.13 (0.83-1.55)
Lesser curvature	0.10	0.17	0.57	0.571	1.10 (0.79-1.55)	0.28	0.18	1.61	0.107	1.33 (0.94-1.88)
Greater curvature	0.50	0.20	2.57	0.010a	1.66 (1.13-2.43)	0.72	0.20	3.61	< 0.001b	2.05 (1.39-3.02)
Histologic
Signet ring cell carcinoma					Ref.
Adenocarcinoma	-0.14	0.09	-1.62	0.106	0.87 (0.74-1.03)
Others	-0.11	0.10	-1.15	0.250	0.89 (0.74-1.08)
Surgery
No					Ref.					Ref.
Yes	-0.50	0.14	-3.54	< 0.001a	0.60 (0.46-0.80)	-0.83	0.17	-4.77	< 0.001b	0.43 (0.31-0.61)
Regional lymph node surgery
No					Ref.
Yes	-0.44	0.13	-3.31	< 0.001a	0.64 (0.50-0.84)
Treatment sequence
No radiation and/or cancer-directed surgery					Ref.					Ref.
Radiation prior to surgery	-0.44	0.38	-1.17	0.243	0.64 (0.31-1.35)	0.89	0.44	2.00	0.045b	2.43 (1.02-5.78)
Radiation after surgery	-0.78	0.23	-3.44	< 0.001a	0.46 (0.29-0.72)	-0.21	0.25	-0.84	0.400	0.81 (0.49-1.33)
Radiation before and after surgery	0.33	1.00	0.33	0.742	1.39 (0.20-9.89)	1.60	1.02	1.58	0.115	4.98 (0.68-36.63)
Surgery other regional distance
No					Ref.					Ref.
Yes	-0.53	0.14	-3.74	< 0.001a	0.59 (0.44-0.78)	-0.32	0.16	-1.95	0.051	0.73 (0.53-1.00)
Chemotherapy
Yes					Ref.					Ref.
No	1.21	0.06	19.12	< 0.001a	3.35 (2.96-3.79)	1.29	0.07	19.02	< 0.001b	3.63 (3.18-4.14)
Radiation
No					Ref.					Ref.
Yes	-0.27	0.08	-3.59	< 0.001a	0.76 (0.66-0.88)	-0.17	0.09	-1.99	0.046b	0.84 (0.71-0.99)
Nodes positive
≥ 4					Ref.					Ref.
< 4	-0.38	0.15	-2.56	0.011a	0.68 (0.51-0.91)	0.28	0.18	1.54	0.125	1.32 (0.93-1.89)
Metastases at brain
No					Ref.
Yes	-0.04	0.14	-0.28	0.777	0.96 (0.73-1.26)
Metastases at bone
No					Ref.					Ref.
Yes	0.17	0.07	2.40	0.017a	1.19 (1.03-1.37)	0.28	0.07	3.71	< 0.001b	1.32 (1.14-1.53)
Metastases at liver
No					Ref.					Ref.
Yes	0.22	0.06	3.60	< 0.001a	1.24 (1.10-1.39)	0.26	0.06	4.14	< 0.001b	1.30 (1.15-1.47)
Marital status at diagnosis
1					Ref.
0	-0.20	0.06	-3.19	0.001a	0.82 (0.73-0.93)
T stage
TX					Ref.
T3	-0.24	0.10	-2.40	0.016a	0.79 (0.65-0.96)
T4	0.02	0.08	0.24	0.808	1.02 (0.87-1.20)
T2	-0.20	0.16	-1.21	0.228	0.82 (0.59-1.13)
T1	-0.11	0.08	-1.35	0.177	0.90 (0.77-1.05)
T0	-0.47	0.50	-0.94	0.347	0.62 (0.23-1.67)
N stage
N1					Ref.					Ref.
NX	0.18	0.08	2.09	0.037a	1.19 (1.01-1.40)	0.06	0.09	0.73	0.463	1.07 (0.90-1.26)
N2	0.00	0.16	0.03	0.979	1.00 (0.73-1.37)	0.30	0.17	1.79	0.073	1.35 (0.97-1.86)
N0	0.05	0.07	0.67	0.506	1.05 (0.91-1.20)	-0.03	0.07	-0.38	0.703	0.97 (0.84-1.12)
N3	0.14	0.16	0.91	0.361	1.15 (0.85-1.56)	0.37	0.16	2.36	0.018b	1.45 (1.07-1.98)

^aP < 0.1: Included in the multivariate analysis.

^bP < 0.05: There is a significant difference in the multivariate analysis.

HR: Hazard ratio; T: Tumor; N: Node; m_Beta: Multivariate beta (the coefficient estimate from multivariate analysis); m_SE: Multivariate standard error (the standard error of the multivariate beta coefficient); m_Z: Multivariate Z (the Z-score or Z-statistic associated with the multivariate beta coefficient).