Diagnostic value of digital continuous bowel sounds in critically ill patients with acute gastrointestinal injury: A prospective observational study

Table 5 Acute gastrointestinal injury severity and clinical variables

Variables	AGI I (n = 32)	AGI II (n = 10)	AGI III-IV (n = 3)	PF/χ²
Mean bowel sound rate (counts per minute)	1.308 ± 1.610	0.942 ± 0.994	0.717 ± 0.690	0.828
Duration of bowel sounds (seconds)	0.513 ± 0.795	0.719 ± 1.385	0.178 ± 0.180	0.719
Amplitude (dB)	0.032 ± 0.043	0.065 ± 0.144	0.011 ± 0.009	0.818
Average frequency (Hz)	366.215 ± 238.280	344.720 ± 256.841	287.276 ± 260.841	0.858
Interval time (seconds)	2.180 ± 1.554	1.851 ± 1.285	2.045 ± 2.171	0.854
Citrulline (μmol/L)	18.47 ± 1.68	18.53 ± 1.94	18.22 ± 0.88	0.973
Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (ng/L)	489 ± 58	516 ± 61	467 ± 68	0.364
Gastrin (ng/L)	72.49 ± 12.11	77.07 ± 11.22	93.33 ± 13.01	0.019a
Motilin (ng/L)	212.23 ± 38.97	218.42 ± 33.79	186.32 ± 46.98	0.459
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, points	9 ± 4	9 ± 6	12 ± 3	0.510
Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, points	21 ± 8	27 ± 12	20 ± 5	0.240
Hemoglobin (g/L)	95 ± 21	96 ± 23	110 ± 8	0.509
Platelets (109/L)	138 ± 95	78 ± 52	67 ± 38	0.076
White blood cell (109/L)	10.58 ± 4.78	9.07 ± 2.41	7.01 ± 2.34	0.170
Neutrophil count (109/L)	9.56 ± 4.61	6.84 ± 3.03	6.16 ± 1.68	0.159
Percentage of central granulocyte count	89.5 ± 6.0	84.9 ± 8.3	89.3 ± 7.0	0.322
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	98.2 ± 77.6	107.3 ± 96.1	159.3 ± 50.3	0.410
Procalcitonin (ng/mL)	7.504 ± 14.053	4.888 ± 4.323	10.927 ± 7.004	0.897
Interleukin 6 (ng/mL)	164.07 ± 358.46	169.29 ± 232.63	187.21 ± 170.99	0.292
Total protein (g/L)	50.8 ± 6.3	47.1 ± 6.0	46.1 ± 4.808	0.171
Albumin (g/L)	28.0 ± 4.4	27.2 ± 3.8	25.7 ± 3.0	0.630
Creatinine (µmol/L)	111 ± 88	94 ± 66	131 ± 79	0.664
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)	11.03 ± 6.90	10.64 ± 7.24	25.19 ± 13.52	0.141
Serum sodium (mmol/L)	138.51 ± 3.96	139.12 ± 7.87	142.91 ± 3.64	0.338
Serum potassium (mmol/L)	4.02 ± 0.44	4.08 ± 0.37	4.03 ± 0.46	0.791
Serum calcium (mmol/L)	2.04 ± 0.15	2.00 ± 0.16	1.92 ± 0.09	0.396
Serum phosphorus (mmol/L)	0.93 ± 0.40	1.02 ± 0.58	1.10 ± 0.12	0.472
Arterial blood gas potential of hydrogen	7.427 ± 0.075	7.397 ± 0.075	7.441 ± 0.074	0.520
Partial pressure of oxygen (mmHg)	106.5 ± 39.7	103.3 ± 15.7	101.7 ± 31.7	0.886
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (mmHg)	39.0 ± 8.3	35.8 ± 7.4	34.6 ± 8.7	0.435
Bicarbonate (mmol/L)	25.6 ± 4.3	21.8 ± 3.4	23.1 ± 2.3	0.050
Lactic acid (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 1.0	1.6 ± 1.1	1.7 ± 1.3	0.722
Serum magnesium (mmol/L)	0.96 ± 0.14	0.91 ± 0.11	0.84 ± 0.19	0.345
Body mass index (kg/m2)	23.47 ± 4.96	22.07 ± 4.98	23.44 ± 7.21	0.813
Duration of mechanical ventilation, days	10 ± 12	3 ± 5	8 ± 11	0.132
Intensive care unit length of stay (days)	14 ± 13	10 ± 10	17 ± 11	0.552
Hospital length of stay (days)	21+16	11 ± 11	32 ± 22	0.040a
Age (years)	62 ± 18	58 ± 23	73 ± 13	0.460

^aP < 0.05, P value was obtained from the comparison of differences between groups.

Data are expressed as mean ± SD. F/χ² is the test statistic. AGI: Acute gastrointestinal injury.