Preventive effect of probiotics on infections following colorectal cancer surgery: An umbrella meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Country	Number of included studies	Sample size	Supplementation time	Type of supplementation	Risk of bias tool, No. of high quality/total studies	Percentage of high-quality studies (%)	Investigated outcomes	Quality
Zeng et al[32], 2021	China	19	1975	Preoperative	Multi-strain Probiotics and synbiotics	Cochrane, 19/19	100	Total infections, UTIs, bacteremia, sepsis, SSIs, pneumonia, central line infection, peritoneal infection, intra-abdominal infection	High
Amitay et al[25], 2020	Germany	11	NR	Preoperative	Multi-strain Probiotics and synbiotics	NHBLI tool, 1/11	9	Total infections, sepsis	High
Rueda-Robles et al[43], 2022	Brazil	13	1535	Pre- and postoperative	Multi-strain Probiotics and synbiotics	Joanna Briggs Institute’s critical assessment tools, 2/13	15	Sepsis, SSIs, pneumonia, intra-abdominal infection	High
Ye et al[31], 2023	China	16	1798	Preoperative	Multi-strain Probiotics and synbiotics	Jadad, 16/16	100	SSIs, pneumonia	High
He et al[29], 2013	China	6	361	Preoperative	Multi-strain Probiotics and synbiotics	Jadad, 5/6	83	Total infections, sepsis, SSIs, pneumonia, peritoneal infection, abdominal infection	High
An et al[26], 2022	Korea	20	1763	Preoperative	Multi-strain Probiotics and synbiotics	Cochrane, 6/20	30	UTIs, bacteremia, SSIs, pneumonia	High
de Andrade Calaça et al[28], 2017	Brazil	7	821	Pre- and postoperative	Multi-strain Probiotics	NR	NR	Total infections, Bacteremia, SSIs	Moderate
Chen et al[27], 2020	China	6	803	Preoperative	Multi-strain Probiotics	Jadad, 6/6	100	Total infections, UTIs, sepsis, SSIs, pneumonia, central line infection	Moderate
Persson et al[30], 2024	Brazil	10	1276	Pre- and postoperative	Multi-strain Probiotics	NR	NR	UTIs, SSIs, pneumonia	Moderate
Ouyang et al[19], 2019	China	13	1186	Pre- and postoperative	Multi-strain Probiotics	Cochrane, 11/13	84	Total infections, UTIs, SSIs, pneumonia	Moderate
Chen et al[3], 2024	China	10	NR	Preoperative	Multi-strain Probiotics	Cochrane, 2/10	20	SSIs	Moderate

NR: Not reported; UTIs: Urinary tract infections; SSIs: Surgical site infection.