Risk factors and prevention of pancreatic fistula after laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Table 4 Clavien-Dindo classification[56]

Grades	Definition
I	Any deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic, and radiological interventions. Allowed therapeutic regimens are: Drugs as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics and electrolytes, and physiotherapy. This grade also includes wound infections opened at the bedside
II	Requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for Grade I complications. Blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition are also included
III	Requiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention
IIIa	Intervention not under general anesthesia
IIIb	Intervention under general anesthesia
IV	Life-threatening complication (including CNS complications: Brain hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, subarachnoid bleeding, but excluding transient ischemic attacks) requiring IC/ICU management
IVa	Single organ dysfunction (including dialysis)
IVb	Multi-organ dysfunction
V	Death of the patient
Suffix “d”	If the patient suffers from a complication at the time of discharge, the suffix ‘d’ (for ‘disability’) is added to the respective grade of complication. This label indicates the need for a follow-up to fully evaluate the complication

CNS: Central nervous system; IC: Intermediate care; ICU: Intensive care unit.