Formation and rupture of liver hematomas caused by intrahepatic gallbladder perforation: A case report and review of literature

Table 2 Review of the literature on intrahepatic gallbladder perforation

Ref.	Year	Age	Sex	Classification1	Past history	Abdominal pain	Fever	Neusa or vomiting	Shock	Jaundice	Abnormal laboratory tests	Examinations	Treatment
Paramythiotis et al[4]	2022	69	Female	B	DM, hypertension	1				1	CRP, ALT, AST, TBIL	US, MRCP	S2
Paramythiotis et al[4]	2022	79	Male	B	Chronic abdominal pain	1	1	1		1	WBC, CRP, TBIL, GGT	CT, MRI	S1
Paramythiotis et al[4]	2022	54	Male	B	Chronic alcohol consumption	1	1				WBC, CRP, ALP	CT	D1+S1
Mach et al[5]	2022	55	Male	A	Ccholelithiasis	1			1		HB	CT	S1
Nikumbh et al[6]	2020	55	Male	B	Rheumatoid arthritis	1	1				N/A	US, CT, MRCP	D3+S2
Nikumbh et al[6]	2020	28	Female	B	Cholelithiasis	1					N/A	CT, MRCP	D3+S2
Chikamori et al[7]	2020	87	Male	A, B	Cholelithiasis, CAD	1	1		1		WBC, CRP, ALT, AST, ALP	CT, cholangiography	D1
Lan et al[8]	2019	53	Male	A	N/A	1			1		WBC, ALT, AST, TBIL, carbohydrate antigen-199	CT	S1
Parekh et al[9]	2019	68	Female	B	N/A	1		1			N/A	CT	D3
Ke et al[10]	2017	44	Male	A	Hepatic hemangiomas, cholelithiasis				1		HB	CT	S1
Williams et al[11]	2017	61	Male	B	N/A	1	1	1			CRP, ALP	CT	D3+S2
Hussain et al[12]	2016	72	Male	B	Cholelithiasis	1	1			1	WBC, CRP	CT	D1+S2
Hussain et al[12]	2016	62	Male	B	Cholelithiasis	1	1				WBC, CRP	US, CT	D1+S2
Cristian et al[13]	2014	76	Male	B	Hypertension, a repaired inguinal hernia	1	1	1			WBC, CRP	X-ray, US, CT	S2
Donati et al[14]	2014	62	Male	B	Inguinal hernia		1				WBC	US, CT, MRI	S3
Alessiani et al[15]	2014	77	Male	B	Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, atrial fibrillation	1	1				WBC, ALT, AST	US, CT	D1
Agarwal et al[16]	2013	18	Male	B	N/A	1					N/A	US, CT	S3
Agarwal et al[16]	2013	40	Male	B	N/A	1					N/A	US	D1+S2
Agarwal et al[16]	2013	42	Male	B	N/A	1					N/A	US, MRCP	S2
Singh et al[17]	2013	50	Male	B	Chronic abdominal pain	1					N/A	US, CT	S1
Hollanda et al[18]	2013	50	Male	C	N/A	1	1	1		1	WBC, ALT, AST, TBIL	US, CT	S1
Coulier et al[19]	2012	68	Male	A	Epigastric pain	1			1		HB, CRP, ALT, AST	CT, MRI	S1
Taneja et al[20]	2012	62	Male	C	N/A	1	1				WBC, ALT, AST, ALP	US, CT	D1+S1
Kalfadis et al[21]	2011	95	Male	C	Cholelithiasis, hypertension	1	1				WBC, GGT	US, CT	D1
Göbel et al[22]	2011	30	Female	B	Hypertension, nephrectomy, hypernephroma, cholelithiasis	1	1				WBC, CRP	US, CT	S1
Shakya et al[23]	2010	60	Male	N/A	Epigastric pain	1		1		1	WBC, ALT, AST, TBIL, ALP	X-ray, US	S1
Tsai et al[24]	2010	66	Male	C	COPD, chronic kidney disease	1	1	1			WBC, ALP	US, CT	D2
Kochar et al[25]	2008	67	Male	B	DM, diverticular disease, stroke	1	1				WBC, CRP, ALP	US, CT, abscessogram,MRCP	D1+S1
Łebkowski et al[26]	2008	80	Male	A	Hypertension	1			1		N/A	US	S1
Nural et al[27]	2007	73	Male	A	COPD, CAD, DM, hypertension	1		1			WBC, ALT	CT	S1
Kang et al[28]	2007	70	Male	B	Stroke	1	1				N/A	CT	D1+D3
Ceylan et al[29]	2003	13	Male	N/A	N/A	1	1	1			WBC, ALT, AST, TBIL, ALP	US	conservative drug treatment
Peer et al[30]	1994	69-81	2 males, 2 females	B	DM	1	1				WBC, ALP	CT	D1+S1
Chen et al[31]	1990	60	Male	B	Alcohol consumption	1	1	1			WBC, AST, ALP	US	S1
Syme et al[32]	1989	74	Female	A	Cholelithiasis	1			1		N/A	N/A	S1
Teefey et al[33]	1987	69	Male	B	DM		1				WBC, AST, TBIL, ALP	US, CT	S1
Teefey et al[33]	1987	55	Male	B	N/A	1	1				WBC, ALP	US, CT	D1+S1

¹Classification: A: Hemorrhage; B: Liver abscess; C: Liver biloma.

DM: Diabetes mellitus; CAD: Coronary arterial disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; N/A: Not applicable; CRP: C-reactive protein; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; HB: Hemoglobin; WBC: White blood cell; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; US: Ultrasound; CT: Computed tomography; MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; S1: Open surgery; S2: Laparoscopic surgery; S3: Laparoscopic conversion to open surgery; D1: Percutaneous drainage; D2: Endoscopic nasal bile drainage; D3: Endoscopic drainage by the placement of a stent.