Exploring the landscape of minimally invasive pancreatic surgery: Progress, challenges, and future directions

Table 1 Minimally invasive vs open distal pancreatectomy published randomized clinical trials

	de Rooij T 2019 (LEOPARD), Lps vs Open[11]			Björnsson 2020 (LAPOP), Lps vs Open[14]			Korrel 2023 (DIPLOMA), Lps/Robotic vs Open[23]
Enrollment period	2015-2017			2015-2019			2018-2021
	MI	O	P value	MI	O	P value	MI	O	P value
n	51	57		29	29		114	110
OT (minute)	217	179	0.005	120	120	NS	240	209	0.01
EBL (mL)	150	400	0.001	50	100	0.018	200	200	0.06
CR-POPF (%)	39	23	0.07	31	37	NS	21	17	NS
DGE (%)	6	19	0.04	3	17	NS	2	3	NS
PPH (%)	4	4	NS	3	0	NS	2	3	NS
SSI (%)	4	5	NS				5	5	NS
Reintervention (%)	2	5	NS				17	17	NS
Severe morbidity (Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3) (%)	25	38	NS	14	27	NS	19	20	NS
LOS (days)	6	8	0.004	6	8	0.008	7	7	NS
Readmission (%)	29	25	NS	4	6	NS	22	21	NS
90-day mortality (%)	0	2	NS	0	1	NS	1	2	NS
R0 (%)							83	76		0.039
N harvested Lymph nodes (n)							22	23		NS

OT: Operative time; EBL: Estimated blood loss; CR-POPF: Clinically relevant-post-operative pancreatic fistula; DGE: Delayed gastric emptying; PPH: Post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage; SSI: Surgical site infection; LOS: Length of stay.