Surgical decompression for the management of abdominal compartment syndrome with severe acute pancreatitis: A narrative review

Table 3 Outcomes data from observational studies on abdominal compartment syndrome with acute pancreatitis

Ref.	IAP (mmHg), mean ± SD (range)		Organ dysfunction	Surgical decompression, including type of surgery	Time to intervention from hospitalization, diagnosis of ACS	Outcome	Post-decompressions complications
	Pre-surgery	Post-surgery
Husu et al[22], 2021	OA: 24 ± 4. CG: 21 ± 5	NA	SOFA: OA: 13 (11-14); CG: 12 (10-15). APACHE II: OA: 23 (17-29); CG: 18 (15-26)	ML in OA: 47/47 (100%)	60 (36-175) h, NA	90 d. mortality: OA: 19/40 (48%); CG: 3/21 (14%)
Smit et al[12], 2016	27 ± 3	18 ± 4	13/13 (100%). AKI: 100%. Respiratory failure: 100%. Shock: 100%	10 (76.9%). ML: 3 (33%). Subcostal full-thickness laparostomy: 7 (67%)	13.4 ± 6.5 d, 12 (2-176) h	Mortality: 7 (53.8%). LOS ICU: 48 d. GI ischemia: 61.5%	Bowel perforation or fistula: 46.2%
Peng et al[11], 2016	PCD: 31 (20-44). ML: 34 (20-51)	PCD: 19 (3-40). ML: 15 (2-24)	SOFA: PCD-11(2-23), ML-10 (3-24), decreased to 9 (2-24) and 9 (3-24)	ML: 61/273 (22.3%). PCD: 212/273 (77.7%)	PCD: 61 (2-101) h. ML: 64 (5-95) h	Mortality: PCD: 40 (19%); ML: 32 (52%). LOS hospital: 125 (21-627) d. LOS ICU: PCD: 14 d, ML: 21 d. Subsequent necrosectomy in PCD: 160 (75%), ML: 49 (80%)	Hepatic/portal/superior mesenteric vein/splanchnic vein thrombosis: ML: 3.2%, PCD: 0.9%. Bleeding: ML: 11.4%, PCD: 3.8%. Fistula: ML: 24.6%, PCD:18.4%
Davis et al[14], 2013	29.5	NA	AKI: 5 (31.3%). Respiratory failure: 11 (68.8%)	16 (35.6%). ML: 100%	NA, 3.1 h	Mortality: 4 (25%). LOS hospital: 146 d	Fistula: 62.5%. Wound infection: 62.5%. Incisional Hernia: 50%
Boone et al[15], 2013	42	NA	Mean APACHE: 23.3. Mean ranson: 9	12 (100%). ML: 12 (100%)	< 7 d in 9 patients, NA	Mortality: 6 (50%). Among survivors: LOS ICU: 37 ± 13 d; LOS hospital: 40.5 ± 25.2 d; IMV: 28 ± 11.4 d	Infection: 16%. Fistula: 16%
Leppäniemi et al[16], 2011	31 (23-45)	11 (1-20)	Mean SOFA: 12 (14-17)	Subcutaneous linea alba fasciotomy: 10 (100%). Subsequently, four required completion laparostomy	1-17 d (in 6 cases: < 48 h), NA	Mortality: 4 (40%). LOS hospital: 35 d; LOS ICU: 26 d	Hernia: 30%. Bleeding: 20%. Wound infection: 10%. Fistula: 10%
Deng et al[17], 2011	29 (23-38)	7.5 (6-18)	Resp failure: 8 (100%). AKI: 7 (87.5%). Hepatic: 7 (87.5%). Shock- 8 (100%)	8 (100%). ML plus continuous regional arterial infusion with protease inhibitors and antibiotics via a drug delivery system	3-9 d, NA	Mortality: 1(12.5%), LOS-ICU: 41 d, LOS-hospital- 117 d	Not mentioned
Mentula et al[18], 2010	31.5 (27-35)	NA	Resp failure: 24 (92%). AKI: 14 (54%). Shock: 23 (88%). Liver: 2 (8%)	26 (100%). ML: 18 (69.2%). Bilateral subcostal laparostomy: 1 (3.8%). SLAF: 7, 2/7 finally laparostomy	1 (0-29) d, NA	Mortality: 12/26 (46.2%)	Intrabdominal infection: 73%. Fistula: 19%
Chen et al[19], 2008	36.7 ± 5.3	18.3 ± 3.3	MODS: 18 (90%). Shock: 14 (70%)	8 (65%). PCD: 5 (25%). ML: 5 (25%). Combined: 3 (15%)	NA, 28.38 ± 2.29 h	Mortality: 15/20 (75%)	No complications reported
De Waele et al[20], 2005	> 25	NA	Resp failure: 20 (98%). AKI: 18 (86%). Shock: 19 (94%)	ML: 4/21. Indication for surgery: ACS: 4 (44.4%)	3, < 24 h	Mortality: 3/4 (75%). LOS ICU: 21 (10-37) d. LOS hospital: 42 (20-90) d. IMV: 15 (12.6) d	No complications reported
Tao et al[21], 2003	> 20	NA	Resp. failure: 100%. Shock: 100%	18/23 (78.2%). ML with drainage: 100%	NA, 5-22 h	Mortality: 3/18 (16.7%). Definitive closures 3-5 d	Hemorrhage: 42%. Abscess: 19.2%. Perforation/fistula: 3.8%

IAP: Intrabdominal pressure; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; APACHE II: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; MODS: Muti-organ dysfunction syndrome; PCD: Percutaneous drainage; ML: Midline laparotomy; ACS: Abdominal compartment syndrome; OA: Open abdomen; CG: Control group; AKI: Acute kidney injury; SD: Standard deviation; SLAF: Subcutaneous line alba fasciotomy; ICU: Intensive care unit; LOS: Length of stay; IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation; NA: Not available.