Radiation therapy prior to a pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma is associated with longer operative times and higher blood loss

Table 2 Operative characteristics of patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas undergoing a pancreaticoduodenectomy from 2015 to 2019, n (%)

Characteristic	Subcategory	Initial surgery	Neoadjuvant radiation	P value
		n = 9988	n = 1470
Elective surgery		8921 (89.4)	1423 (96.8)	< 0.001a
T-stage	T0/T1	2969 (29.7)	867 (59.0)
	T2	6133 (61.4)	544 (37.0)	< 0.001a
	T3/T4	666 (6.7)	32 (2.2)
	Tis/unknown	128 (1.3)	39 (2.7)
N-stage	N0	2969 (29.7)	867 (59.0)
	N1	6133 (61.4)	544 (37.0)	< 0.001a
	N2	666 (6.7)	32 (2.18)
M-stage	M0	7260 (72.7)	1109 (75.4)
	M1	172 (1.7)	20 (1.4)	0.073
	Unknown	2556 (25.6)	341 (23.2)
Wound class	Clean	242 (2.4)	33 (2.2)
	Clean-contaminated	7915 (79.3)	1142 (77.7)	0.034a
	Contaminated	1547 (15.5)	233 (15.9)
	Dirty	284 (2.8)	62 (4.2)
Pancreatic duct size	< 3 mm	1987 (24.9)	304 (26.3)
	3-6 mm	4527 (56.8)	685 (59.2)
	> 6 mm	1461 (18.3)	168 (14.5)	0.007a
	Unknown	2013	315
Resection of artery or vein		2217 (22.4)	554 (37.9)	< 0.001a
Surgery approach	Open	9112 (91.2)	1386 (94.4)	< 0.001a
	Robotic/laparoscopic	875 (8.8)	83 (5.7)

^aP < 0.05.