Initial suction drainage decreases severe postoperative complications after pancreatic trauma: A cohort study

Table 3 Postoperative outcomes of passive gravity vs negative pressure irrigation group before and after matching cohorts

Outcomes	Before matching			After matching
	PG (n = 146)	NPI (n = 50)	P value	PG (n = 44)	NPI (n = 44)	P value
Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ Ⅲb, n (%)	66 (45.2)	14 (28.0)	0.033	21 (47.7)	11 (25.0)	0.045
Pancreas-related, n (%)	70 (47.9)	15 (30.0)	0.027	23 (52.3)	13 (29.5)	0.050
Pancreatic fistula grade B/C	62 (42.5)	13 (26.0)	0.039	22 (50.0)	11 (25.0)	0.027
Pancreatic pseudocyst	2 (1.4)	2 (4.0)	0.269	0	2 (4.5)	0.494
Peripancreatic abscess	6 (4.1)	0	0.341	1 (2.3)	0	1.000
Organ failure, n (%)	37 (25.3)	9 (18.0)	0.290	6 (13.6)	3 (6.8)	0.484
Circulatory failure	23 (15.8)	6 (12.0)	0.519	4 (9.1)	2 (4.5)	0.676
Respiratory failure	20 (13.7)	5 (10.0)	0.499	4 (9.1)	1 (2.3)	0.360
Renal failure	24 (16.4)	7 (14.0)	0.683	5 (11.4)	3 (6.8)	0.713
Gastrointestinal fistulas, n (%)	50 (34.2)	10 (20.0)	0.059	17 (38.6)	7 (15.9)	0.030
Hemorrhage grade B/C, n (%)	34 (23.3)	7 (14.0)	0.163	12 (27.3)	6 (13.6)	0.080
Intra-abdominal abscess, n (%)	20 (13.7)	8 (16.0)	0.688	7 (15.9)	5 (11.4)	0.534
Sepsis, n (%)	27 (18.5)	7 (14.0)	0.469	4 (9.1)	3 (6.8)	1.000
In-hospital mortality, n (%)	16 (11.0)	3 (6.0)	0.412	3 (6.8)	2 (4.5)	1.000
Reoperation, n (%)	55 (38.2)	11 (22.0)	0.037	16 (36.4)	7 (15.9)	0.029
CT-drainage, n (%)	47 (32.2)	9 (18.0)	0.038	15 (34.1)	7 (15.9)	0.042
Drainage period, median (IQR)	47.0 (30.0-75.25)	37.0 (20.0-54.25)	0.002	47.0 (30.0-68.0)	35.0 (20.0-54.75)	0.009
LOS, median (IQR)	65.5 (47.75-97.0)	43.5 (30.5-69.25)	0.002	62.5 (43.75-97.0)	44.0 (33.0-69.75)	0.047

Clavien–Dindo complications in this category include those that resulted in surgical, endoscopic, or radiologic intervention (Clavien–Dindo grade III), those without general anesthesia (III_a), those that required general anesthesia (III_b), those that required care in the intensive care unit (Clavien–Dindo grade IV), and those that resulted in death (Clavien–Dindo grade V). PG: Passive gravity; NPI: Negative pressure irrigation; CT: Computed tomography; IQR: Inter-quartile range; LOS: Length of stay.