Vascular complications of chronic pancreatitis and its management

Table 4 Studies showing sites and clinical manifestations of arterial pseudoaneurysms in patients with chronic pancreatitis

Ref.	Vascular complications	PsAs	Site- artery involved	Clinical presentation
Bergert et al[86], 2004	36/541	25/36	Splenic: 8/25 (32%). Pancreaticoduodenal (superior or inferior): 7/25 (28%). Gastroduodenal: 4/25 (16%). Superior mesenteric: 2/25 (8%). Jejunal branches: 2/25 (8%). Left gastric: 1/25 (4%). Right colic: 1/25 (4%)	Acute abdominal pain: 12 (48%). Haemorrhagic shock: 10 (40%). Acute upper GI bleed: 9 (36%). Acute lower GI bleed: 3 (12%). Chronic anaemia: 3 (12%). Acute on chronic pancreatitis: 5 (20%)
Udd et al[81], 2007	33/745	33	Gastroduodenal/pancreaticoduodenal: 19 (58%). Splenic or its branches: 14 (42%)	Abdominal pain: 22 (66.6%). GI bleed: 17 (51%)
Sethi et al[87], 2010	Chronic pancreatitis with PsA: 16	16	Splenic: 7 (43.7%). Hepatic: 3 (18.75%). Gastroduodenal: 2 (12.5%). Right gastric: 2 (12.5%). Left gastric: 1 (6.25%). Pancreaticoduodenal: 1 (6.25%)	Intraabdominal bleed: 2 (13%). GI bleed: 8 (50%). Occult bleed: 10 (63). Pain: 14 (88)
Mallick et al[88], 2019	27/380	27	Gastroduodenal: 13 (48.2%). Splenic: 10 (37.1%). Superior mesenteric: 2 (7.4%). Left gastric: 1 (3.7%). Inferior pancreaticoduodenal: 2 (7.4%)	Hematemesis: 6/27 (22.2%). Melena: 17/27 (63.0%). PCD bleed: 1/27 (3.7%)
Zabicki et al[55], 2018	Chronic pancreatitis with PsA: 15	15	Splenic: 7/15 (46.7%). Common hepatic: 2/15 (13.3%). Right gastroepiploic: 2/15 (13.3%)	-
Anand et al[21], 2020	166/1363 (12.2%)	PsA: 34/1363 (2.5%). PsA alone: 17 (50%). PsA with VT: 17 (50%)	Splenic: 25/33 (75.7%). Gastroduodenal: 6/33 (18.2%). Inferior pancreatico-duodenal: 1/33 (3.0%). Left gastric: 1/33 (3.0%)	GI bleed: 22/34 (64.7%)
Vujasinovic et al[17], 2021	33/394	3/394 (0.8%)	Splenic: 2/3 (66.7). Left gastric: 1/3 (33.3)	Incidental finding: 3/3 (100%). Intraabdominal bleeding: 0/3 (0%)
Madhusudhan et al[68], 2021	56 patients of chronic pancreatitis	PsA: 61	Splenic: 31/56 (55.3%). Gastroduodenal: 18/56 (32.1%). Inferior pancreaticoduodenal: 1/56 (1.7%). Colic: 1/56 (1.7%). Hepatic: 4/56 (7.1%). Left gastric: 5/56 (8.9%)	Upper GI bleed: 40/56 (71.4%). PCD bleed: 1/56 (1.7%). Pain: 4/56 (7.14%). Incidentally detected on imaging: 11/56 (19.6%)

GI: Gastrointestinal; PCD: Percutaneous drain; VT: Venous thrombosis; PsA: Pseudoaneurysm.