Preoperative risk modelling for oesophagectomy: A systematic review

Table 9 Summary of the preoperative models across the five categories

Ref.	Model	Clinical credibility (out of 7)	Methodological quality (out of 20)	Model performance (overall utility)	External validation	Clinical effectiveness
Onodera et al[56], 1984	PNI	6	N/A	No	Yes	No
Charlson et al[57], 1987	CCI	5	14	No	Yes	No
Charlson et al[58], 1994	ACCI	5	14.5	No	Yes	No
Bouillanne et al[59], 2005	GNRI	5.5	14	No	Yes	No
Schröder et al[29], 2006	Cologne	4.5	14	No	Yes	No
Steyerberg et al[30], 2006	Rotterdam	6	17.5	No	Yes	No
Ra et al[32], 2008	Philadelphia	6	16.5	No	Yes	No
Lagarde et al[31], 2008	Amsterdam	6	18.5	No	Yes	No
Wright et al[33], 2009	Original STS	6	17.5	No	No	No
Ferguson et al[34], 2011	Ferguson	5.5	16.5	No	Yes	No
Bilimoria et al[60], 2013	NSQIP SRC	5.5	16.5	Mortality	Yes	No
Takeuchi et al[35], 2014	Takeuchi	5.5	18	Mortality	Yes	No
Filip et al[36], 2015	PNI multivariate	5.5	19	Major morbidity	No	No
Raymond et al[37], 2016	Revised STS	6	16.5	Mortality	No	No
Reeh et al[38], 2016	PER	4.5	15	No	No	No
Hall et al[61], 2017	RAI-A	4.5	17.5	No	Yes	No
Subramaniam et al[62], 2018	5 Factor MFI	5.5	16	No	Yes	No
Saito et al[39], 2019	PPCS	5.5	16.5	Major morbidity	No	No
Ohkura et al[40], 2020	JNCD	5.5	18.5	No	No	No
Arya et al[63], 2020	RAI-revised	4.5	19	No	Yes	No
Wan et al[41], 2022	RAI-revised (CC)	4.5	18.5	No	Yes	No

PNI: Prognostic nutritional index; GNRI: Geriatric nutritional risk index; NSQIP SRC: National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Surgical Risk Calculator; JNCD: Japanese National Clinical Database; RAI: Risk analysis index; PPCS: Predicting postoperative complications score; MFI: Modified frailty index; RAI-A: Administrative risk analysis index; PER: Perioperative esophagectomy risk score; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons Oesophagetomy Composite Score.