Indocyanine green fluorescence in gastrointestinal surgery: Appraisal of current evidence

Table 3 Studies on hepatic tumor detection with indocyanine green fluorescence

Ref.	Country	Study type	Patients	Device	ICG dose and time	Tumor detection rate	New lesions	Correlation with histology	Micro metastases detection
Cai et al[24], 2023	China	Retrospective cohort	Total: 86. HCC: 52, CRLM: 34	Pinpoint, Stryker	Dose: 0.5 mg/kg, ICG < 7: 5 d prior; ICG > 7: 7 d prior	96%	8	Positive (P = 0.001)	False positive: 3/8 (37.5 %)
Franz et al[23], 2021	Germany	Prospective cohort	Total: 18. HCC: 9, CRLM: 4, IHCC: 2	Firefly, DaVinci NIR-ICG, Karl storz	Dose: 0.5 mg/kg, 2-14 d prior	100%	27.8	-	False positive: 39%
Piccolo et al[25], 2021	Italy	Prospective cohort	Total lesions: 29. HCC: 14, CRLM: 13, IHCC: 1, non-CRLM: 1	NIR-ICG, Karl storz	0.5 mg/kg, HCC/IHCC: 7 d prior; CRLM: 5 d prior	ICG: 100%, LUS: 72.4%	-	R0: 100%	-
Marino et al[27], 2020	Spain	Retrospective cohort	Total lesions: 59. HCC: 23, CRLM: 27, IHCC: 6, hemangioma: 2, steatosis: 1	Davinci- Firefly	0.5 mg/kg 5 d prior	52/59 (88.1%)	6 (11.5%)	R0: 100%	False positive: 3/52
Zhou et al[29], 2019	China	Retrospective cohort	ICG: 21, IOUS: 21	Pinpoint, Stryker	0.25 mg/kg 3-5 d prior	100%	-	-	NA
Terasawa et al[26], 2017	Japan	Prospective cohort	Total lesions: 59. CRLM: 46, HCC: 7, others: 6	Pinpoint, Stryker	0.5 mg/kg body within 3 d	45/53 (85%)	22/45	R0: 100%	True negative: 100%
Kudo et al[30], 2014	Japan	Prospective cohort	Total lesions: 32. HCC: 16, CRLM: 16	Olympus	0.5 mg/kg within 14 d	23/32 (71.8%)	-	-	-

ICG: Indocyanine green; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; CRLM: Colorectal liver metastasis; IHCC: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; CE-IOUS: Contrast enhanced intraoperative ultrasound; ICG: Indocyanine green; LUS: Laparoscopic ultrasound; NA: Not available.