Indocyanine green fluorescence in gastrointestinal surgery: Appraisal of current evidence

Table 1 Studies on liver segmentation and mapping using direct staining technique

Ref.	Country	Study type	Patient	Camera device	ICG dose and time	Guide/approach	Target liver	Success rate	Procedure time
Qian et al[16], 2022	China	Prospective cohort	Grp A: 10. Grp C: 20	-	0.0125 mg/mL, up to 10 mL	DSA: Hepatic artery. USG: Portal vein	Grp A: Seg, sub-seg. Grp C: Seg	Grp A: 80 %. Grp C: 60 %	Grp A: 305.3 ± 23.2 min. Grp C: 268.4 ± 34.7 min
Li et al[17], 2021	Taiwan	Prospective cohort	8	Karl storz, Pinpoint Stryker	Conc -0.125 mg/mL, rate of 1 mL/min	DSA: Hepatic artery	Segment bisegment	100%	DSA: 32.7 +/5.3 min, operative time: 242 +/118 min
Lan et al[18], 2022	China	Retrospective cohort	24	Pinpoint Stryker	5 mL of 0.025 mg/mL	Glissonian pedicle approach	Hemiliver: 10. Left lateral: 7. Segment: 7	79.40%	Staining time: 25.92 ± 14.64, operative time: 334.17 ± 98.65
Xu et al[15], 2020	China	Retrospective cohort	9	Pinpoint Stryker	0.025 mg/mL, 5-10 mL	Intraoperative ultrasound. Glissonian pedicle approach	Segment, section	56%	Median operative time: 260 min (range 150-360 min)
Ueno et al[13], 2019	Japan	Prospective cohort	10	Pinpoint Stryker	0.125 mg/mL, 2 mL ICG, 2 mL Indigo carmine, 1 mL Sonazoid embolic agent-Gelatin particles	DSA	Segment	100%	IVR procedures- 41 (30-102) min. Median operating time with IVR time: 432 min
Ueno et al[14], 2018	Japan	Prospective cohort	5	Pinpoint Stryker	0.125 mg/mL, 2 mL ICG, 2 mL Indigo carmine, 1 mL Sonazoid embolic agent-Gelatin particles	DSA	Segment	100%	Operative time: 432 (293-572) min
Aoki et al[11], 2010	Japan	Prospective cohort	81	PDE: 2	5 mg/mL	IOUS	Segment. Sub-segment	73/81 (90.1%)	NA

ICG: Indocyanine green; IOUS: Intraoperative ultrasound; DSA: Digital subtraction angiography; USG: Trans abdominal ultrasound; NA: Not available; PDE: Photodynamic eye.