Antimicrobial approach of abdominal post-surgical infections

Table 2 Geographical distribution of the surgical site infections’ incidence

Continent	Country	Period	SSIs incidence	Ref.
Africa	Cameroon	2013-2014	Overall: 15.25%	[23]
	Egypt	2013-2017	CSEC: 5.34%	[24]
		2016-2018	Overall: 2.3%, CSEC: 2.8%	[25]
	Ethiopia	2015	Overall: 19.1%	[26]
		2019	Overall: 21.1%; ABDS: 49.06%	[27]
	Ghana	2017-2018	Overall: 10%; APPY: 13.4%; GAST: 12.7%; HER: 5.9%; ABDS: 13.7%	[28]
	Kenya	2015	CSEC: 4%	[29]
	Morocco	2018-2019	Overall: 6.3%	[30]
	Rwanda	2019-2020	CSEC: 5.7%	[31]
	Sierra Leone	2019-2020	CSEC: 10.3%; HER: 1.2%	[32]
		2021	Overall: 11.5%; ABDS: 79.5%	[33]
	South Africa	2017	APPY: 25%	[34]
	Tanzania	2009-2010	Overall: 26%; APPY: 15%; CHOL: 14.3%; XLAP: 27.9%	[35]
		2018-2020	CSEC: 14%	[36]
	Tunisia	2015-2016	CSEC: 5%	[37,38]
		2015	APPY: 9.8%; CHOL: 1.1%; BILI: 13.6%
America	Brazil	2008-2011	Overall: 3.4%	[39]
		2008-2018	BAR open: 3%; BAR VLP: 0.5%	[40]
	Canada	2015-2016	CSEC: 5.9%	[41]
		2015-2019	COLO: 10.28%; BILI: 16.13%	[42]
	Colombia	2008-2010	APPY: 3.9%; HYST: 5.5%; SPLE: 4.5%; CHOL: 3%	[43]
		2022	HER: 7.9%; CHOL: 8.3%; CSEC: 22.2%	[44]
	Cuba	2017-2018	APPY: 13.8%; HER: 5.7%	[45]
	Ecuador	2018	CSEC: 1.35%	[46]
	Honduras	2017-2018	CSEC: 5.1%	[47]
	Mexico	2011-2012	Overall: 12.1%; COLO: 5.2%; APPY: 4.9%; CHOL: 0.8%; HER: 0.9%	[48]
		2013-2015	CHOL: 5.5%	[49]
	Peru	2005-2010	APPY: 2.9%; CHOL: 2.8%; CSEC: 2.2%	[50]
		2015-2018	CSEC: 2.4%	[51]
		2019-2020	CSEC: 0.88%; CHOL: 0.18%; HER: 0.38%	[52]
	Uruguay	2012-2013	APPY: 3.2%; CHOL: 6.2%; COLO: 15.4%	[53]
		2021	CSEC: 1.74%; CHOL open: 1.85%; CHOL VLP: 0.23%	[54]
	Venezuela	2019-2021	Overall: 9.7%; APPY: 10.42%; BILI 3.79%	[55]
	United States	2011-2014	Overall: 0.9%; COLO: 3.99%-9.47%; CHOLO: 0.23%-1.72%; HER: 0.74%-5.25%; REC: 3.47%-26.67%; SB: 3.44%-6.75%	[16,17,56]
		2015-2019	COLO: 6.82%; BILI: 12.72%	[42]
		2016-2017	CHOL: 0.96%	[57]
Asia	China	2020	ABDS: 2.9%; COLO 7.1%	[58,59]
		2018	GAST: 5.2%	[60]
		2017-2020	CSEC: 23.30%	[61]
	India	2011-2017	Appendix: 35.3%	[62]
		2016	CSEC: 10.3%	[63]
		2005-2011	XLAP: 6%; HER: 3.8%	[64]
	Iran	2018	Overall: 0.29%	[65]
		2021	Overall: 5.2% surveillance	[66]
	Japan	2008-2010	COLO: 15%; REC: 17.8%	[67,68]
		2009-2019	APPY: VLP 4.19%, OPEN 6.60%	[69]
			CHOL: VLP 1.91%, OPEN 7.42%
			SB: VLP 8%, OPEN 15%
			COLO: VLP 7.27%, OPEN 15.5%
			REC: VLP 11.3%, OPEN 8.8%
	Kuwait	2016	SB: 6.5%; GAST: 0.7%	[70]
	Nepal	2019	CSEC: 8.54%	[71]
	Pakistan	2014-2019	BILI: 40%	[72]
		2016-2017	APPY: 32.7%; CHOLO: 20.7%; HER: 37.6%	[73]
	Philippines	2018-2019	Overall: 9.7%	[74]
	Republic of Korea	2008-2012	GAST: 3.12%	[75]
	Saudi Arabia	2016	Overall: 16.3%; open surgery: 34.8%; VLP surgery: 3.5%	[76]
	Taiwan	2021	Overall: 4.0%; regional hospital: 4.7% medical center	[77]
	Thailand	2007-2016	Overall: 2.98%	[78]
	Turkey	2005-2011	CHOL: 1.3%; COLO: 11.4%; CSEC: 3%; GAST: 4.3%; HYST: 3.1%; SPLE: 5%; XLAP: 2.6%	[79]
	United Arab Emirates	2016-2017	CSEC: 1.4%	[80]
Europe	Austria	2018-2020	CHOL: 0.4%; COLO: 3.6%; CSEC: 0.5%	[19]
	England	2017-2022	HYST: 1.7%; BILI: 15.4%; CHOL: 9.7%; GAST: 1.9%; COLO: 8.6%	[81]
	Estonia	2018-2020	CSEC: 2.0%	[19]
	France	2018-2020	CHOL: 0.7%; CSEC: 1.7%	[19]
	Germany	2018-2020	CHOL: 0.9%; COLO: 8.9%; CSEC: 0.6%	[19]
	Hungary	2018-2020	CHOL: 1.1%; COLO: 10.4%; CSEC: 1.3%	[19]
	Italy	2018-2020	CHOL: 0.7%; COLO: 5.9%; CSEC: 0.7%	[19]
	Lithuania	2018-2020	CHOL: 0.2%; COLO: 10.6%; CSEC: 0.6%	[19]
	Malta	2018-2020	COLO: 26.8%	[19]
	Netherlands	2018-2020	CHOL: 2.6%; COLO: 16.1%; CSEC: 1.5%	[19]
	Norway	2018-2020	CHOL: 2.8%; COLO: 11.7%; CSEC: 3.6%	[19]
	Portugal	2018-2020	CHOL: 2.3%; COLO: 14.5%; CSEC: 1.6%	[19]
	Slovakia	2018-2020	CHOL: 2.9%	[19]
	Spain	2016	COLO: 10.6%	[82]
		2013-2016	REC: 11.9%	[83]
		2009-2016	CHOL: 1.96%	[84]
	Switzerland	2017-2018	APPY: 3.1%; CHOL: 2.2%; HER: 0.9%; COLO: 13.5%; REC: 17.7%; GAST: 3.1%; CSEC: 1.8%	[85]
Oceania	Australia	2002-2013	Overall: 2.8%	[86]

ABDS: Abdominal surgery (miscellany); APPY: Appendix surgery; BAR: Bariatric surgery; BILI: Bile duct, liver or pancreatic surgery; CHOL: Gallbladder surgery; COLO: Colon surgery; CSEC: Caesarean section; GAST: Gastric surgery; HER: Herniorrhaphy; HYST: Abdominal hysterectomy; REC: Rectal surgery; SB: Small bowel surgery; SPLE: Spleen surgery; SSI: Surgical site infection; XLAP: Exploratory laparotomy.