Predictive value of frailty assessment tools in patients undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal cancer: An observational cohort study

Table 2 Predictors of severe complications and increased hospital costs (univariate analysis)

Variables	Severe complications (-) (n = 200)	Severe complications (+) (n = 29)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	increased hospital costs (-) (n = 172)	increased hospital costs (+) (n = 57)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Male, n (%)	119 (59.5)	22 (79.5)	0.090	0.467 (0.191, 1.145)	0.096	101 (58.7)	40 (70.2)	0.123	0.605 (0.318, 1.151)	0.125
Age, yr	66 (58-73)	70 (65-77)	0.004	1.070 (1.022, 1.120)	0.004	67 (58, 73)	68 (64, 74)	0.212	1.024 (0.993, 1.056)	0.124
BMI, kg/m2	23.52 (21.22-25.72)	23.73 (21.22-26.64)	0.588	1.024 (0.916, 1.146)	0.671	23.52 (21.28, 25.53)	23.59 (20.83, 26.30)	0.876	0.993 (0.911, 1.084)	0.883
Smoking history, n (%)	87 (43.5)	19 (65.5)	0.026	2.468 (1.092, 5.576)	0.030	73 (42.4)	33 (57.9)	0.043	1.865 (1.017, 3.420)	0.044
Drinking history, n (%)	81 (40.5)	19 (65.5)	0.011	2.791 (1.234, 6.313)	0.014	70 (40.7)	30 (52.6)	0.115	1.619 (0.886, 2.957)	0.117
Neoadjuvant therapy, n (%)	12 (6.0)	0 (0)	0.363	NA1		5 (2.9)	7 (12.3)	0.016	4.676 (1.422, 15.376)	0.011
CCI score, n (%)
0-2	184 (92.0)	27 (93.1)	1.000	0.852 (0.185, 3.912)	0.837	158 (91.9)	53 (93.0)	1.000	0.852 (0.269, 2.701)	0.785
≥ 3	16 (8.0)	2 (6.9)	1.000	1.393 (0.157, 12.362)	0.766	14 (8.1)	4 (7.0)	0.336	3.130 (0.614, 15.963)	0.170
Polypharmacy, n (%)	5 (2.5)	1 (3.4)				3 (1.7)	3 (5.3)
Upper arm circumference, cm	28.7 ± 2.8	28.3 ± 3.3	0.453	0.949 (0.827, 1.088)	0.452	28.6 ± 2.8	28.8 ± 2.9	0.633	1.026 (0.923, 1.140)	0.632
Waist circumference, cm	87.9 ± 9.4	90.3 ± 11.9	0.318	1.025 (0.985, 1.067)	0.226	87.6 ± 9.7	90.1 ± 9.7	0.094	1.027 (0.995, 1.059)	0.095
Hip circumference, cm	94.0 (90.7-98.8)	96.0 (89.5-101.3)	0.454	0.998 (0.945, 1.054)	0.938	94.5 ± 7.0	94.9 ± 7.6	0.663	1.009 (0.968, 1.053)	0.661
Calf circumference, cm	33.8 (31.5-35.9)	34.6 (31.8-37.5)	0.719	0.989 (0.883, 1.107)	0.843	33.6 ± 3.4	33.7 ± 3.5	0.768	1.013 (0.928, 1.106)	0.766
HB, g/L	121 (103-135)	119 (100-135)	0.872	0.998 (0.982, 1.015)	0.836	124 (104, 135)	112 (97, 134)	0.208	0.992 (0.979, 1.005)	0.206
WBC, 109/L	5.91 (4.71-6.99)	5.93 (4.20-6.68)	0.441	0.952 (0.782, 1.158)	0.621	5.85 (4.52, 7.03)	5.96 (5.14, 6.85)	0.557	1.008 (0.874, 1.162)	0.917
Platelet, 1012/L	221 (182-263)	204 (168-247)	0.279	0.996 (0.990, 1.001)	0.147	220 (183, 260)	227 (168, 270)	0.809	0.999 (0.995, 1.003)	0.652
Lymphocyte count, 109/L	1.47 (1.16-1.88)	1.22 (1.03-1.77)	0.057	0.483 (0.218, 1.067)	0.072	1.42 (1.10, 1.84)	1.46 (1.20, 1.87)	0.509	1.043 (0.620, 1.756)	0.873
Lymphocyte ratio, %	26.4 ± 9.5	24.0 ± 9.8	0.198	0.972 (0.931, 1.015)	0.198	25.3 (20.4, 32.5)	23.6 (18.6, 31.3)	0.581	0.999 (0.968, 1.031)	0.962
Creatinine, μmmol/L	59.8 (49.8-71.4)	65.7 (55.1-71.3)	0.244	1.008 (0.992, 1.023)	0.342	59.8 (50.5, 71.4)	61.1 (49.9, 71.0)	0.896	0.993 (0.977, 1.010)	0.408
Haematocrit, %	37.2 (32.1-41.0)	35.9 (30.3-41.5)	0.981	0.994 (0.935, 1.058)	0.859	37.8 (32.5, 41.1)	35.0 (31.2, 41.1)	0.294	0.973 (0.928, 1.021)	0.262
Albumin, g/L	37.3 ± 3.9	34.9 ± 4.1	0.002	0.856 (0.772, 0.948)	0.003	37.2 ± 3.8	36.4 ± 4.3	0.236	0.955 (0.885, 1.030)	0.236
Total protein, g/L	61.8 (58.3-65.8)	58.9 (56.6-62.4)	0.012	0.921 (0.857, 0.989)	0.023	61.6 (58.0, 65.3)	60.5 (57.6, 64.7)	0.977	1.015 (0.965, 1.068)	0.567
ASA classification, n (%)
I-II	127 (63.5)	13 (44.8)	0.054	2.141 (0.975, 4.701)	0.058	112 (65.1)	28 (49.1)	0.032	1.933 (1.054, 3.546)	0.033
III-IV	73 (36.5)	16 (55.2)				60 (34.9)	29 (50.9)
KPS score, n (%)
≥ 70	170 (85.0)	24 (82.8)	0.970	1.181 (0.418, 3.336)	0.754	150 (87.2)	44 (77.2)	0.069	2.014 (0.939, 4.323)	0.072
< 70	30 (15.0)	5 (17.2)				22 (12.8)	13 (22.8)
Cancer type, n (%)
Stomach	74 (37.0)	9 (31.0)	0.743	Reference		56 (32.6)	27 (47.4)	0.114	Reference
Colon	69 (34.5)	12 (41.4)		1.430 (0.567, 3.604)	0.448	63 (36.6)	18 (31.6)		0.593 (0.295, 1.189)	0.141
Rectum	57 (28.5)	8 (27.6)		1.154 (0.419, 3.178)	0.782	53 (30.8)	12 (21.1)		0.470 (0.216, 1.021)	0.057
Operative method, n (%)
Open surgery	58 (29.0)	7 (24.1)	0.587	1.284 (0.520, 3.169)	0.588	52 (30.2)	13 (22.8)	0.281	1.467 (0.729, 2.951)	0.283
Laparoscopic surgery	142 (71.0)	22 (75.9)				120 (69.8)	44 (77.2)
Operative time, min	159 (120-202)	180 (135-225)	0.097	1.006 (1.000, 1.012)	0.053	157 (120, 196)	170 (131, 220)	0.157	1.004 (0.999, 1.009)	0.112
TNM stage, n (%)
I-II	124 (62.0)	18 (62.1)	0.994	0.997 (0.447, 2.225)	0.994	111 (64.5)	31 (54.4)	0.171	1.526 (0.831, 2.802)	0.173
III	76 (38.0)	11 (37.9)				61 (35.5)	26 (45.6)
Histological grade, n (%)
Poorly differentiated	91 (45.5)	15 (51.7)	0.322	0.725 (0.408, 1.287)	0.272	74 (43.0)	32 (56.1)	0.073	0.674 (0.434, 1.048)	0.080
Moderately differentiated	76 (38.0)	12 (41.4)				69 (40.1)	19 (33.3)
Highly differentiated	33 (16.5)	2 (6.9)				29 (16.9)	6 (10.5)
Severe complications, n (%)	-	-	-	-	-	14 (8.1)	15 (26.3)	< 0.001	4.031 (1.804, 9.005)	0.001
Postoperative length of stay, d	-	-	-	-	-	14 (12, 16)	17 (14, 24)	< 0.001	1.160 (1.094, 1.229)	< 0.001

¹NA: Low number of observations.

Data are presented as means ± SD, medians (interquartile ranges) or n (%). CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; BMI: Body mass index; HB: Haemoglobin; WBC: White blood cell; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; KPS: Karnofsky Performance Scale; TNM: Tumour node metastasis; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.