Predictive value of frailty assessment tools in patients undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal cancer: An observational cohort study

Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics

Variables	Comprehensive geriatric assessment			Fried phenotype			FRAIL scale
	Non-frail (n = 78)	Frail (n = 151)	P value	Non-frail (n = 120)	Frail (n = 109)	P value	Non-frail (n = 149)	Frail (n = 80)	P value
Male, n (%)	53 (67.9)	88 (58.3)	0.154	78 (65.0)	63 (57.8)	0.263	96 (64.4)	45 (56.3)	0.225
Age, yr	66 (57-71)	68 (62-76)	0.020	65 (57-71)	70 (63-76)	< 0.001	66 (58-72)	69 (63-76)	0.012
BMI, kg/m2	24.45 ± 3.47	23.33 ± 3.39	0.021	24.35 ± 3.12	23.0 ± 3.68	0.003	23.95 ± 3.27	23.27 ± 3.75	0.158
Smoking history, n (%)	35 (44.9)	71 (47.0)	0.757	62 (51.7)	44 (40.4)	0.087	76 (51.0)	30 (37.5)	0.051
Drinking history, n (%)	32 (41.0)	68 (45.0)	0.562	61 (50.8)	39 (35.8)	0.022	70 (47.0)	30 (37.5)	0.168
Neoadjuvant therapy, n (%)	2 (2.6)	10 (6.6)	0.321	4 (3.3)	8 (7.3)	0.174	5 (3.4)	7 (8.8)	0.151
CCI score, n (%)	78 (100)		0.001			0.091			0.003
0-2	0 (0)	133 (88.1)		114 (95.0)	97 (89.0)		143 (96.0)	68 (85.0)
≥ 3	0 (0)	18 (11.9)		6 (5.0)	12 (11.0)		6 (4.0)	12 (15.0)
Polypharmacy, n (%)		6 (4.0)	0.178	1 (0.8)	5 (4.6)	0.173	0 (0)	6 (7.5)	0.003
Upper arm circumference, cm	29.5 ± 2.5	28.2 ± 2.9	0.001	29.3 ± 2.4	27.8 ± 3.1	< 0.001	29.1 ± 2.6	27.8 ± 3.1	0.001
Waist circumference, cm	89.8 ± 9.8	87.5 ± 9.7	0.091	89 ± 39.4	87.1 ± 10.0	0.099	88.7 ± 9.8	87.3 ± 9.6	0.303
Hip circumference, cm	96.4 ± 6.3	93.6 ± 7.4	0.006	96.0 ± 6.0	92.9 ± 7.9	0.001	95.1 ± 6.7	93.7 ± 7.9	0.157
Calf circumference, cm	34.8 ± 3.2	33.0 ± 3.4	< 0.001	34.8 ± 3.0	32.3 ± 3.5	< 0.001	34.2 ± 3.2	32.5 ± 3.6	0.001
HB, g/L	130 (109-137)	116 (97-133)	0.003	130 (114-141)	108 (92-128)	< 0.001	127 (111-138)	106 (87-128)	< 0.001
WBC, 109/L	5.75 (4.50-6.84)	6.00 (4.70-7.22)	0.184	5.85 (4.52-6.97)	5.93 (4.72-6.90)	0.598	5.80 (4.53-6.81)	6.00 (4.76-7.54)	0.186
Platelet, 1012/L	209 (178-244)	228 (186-270)	0.171	212 (181-249)	228 (186-274)	0.255	219 (179-254)	227 (190-278)	0.265
Lymphocyte count, 109/L	1.56 (1.17-1.97)	1.39 (1.07-1.77)	0.070	1.47 (1.17-1.96)	1.40 (1.04-1.74)	0.046	1.44 (1.16-1.94)	1.40 (0.92-1.74)	0.067
Lymphocyte ratio, %	28.6 (23.0-33.0)	23.5 (18.4-31.3)	0.002	28.2 (21.8-33.3)	23.4 (17.3-29.1)	0.003	27.6 ± 9.2	23.5 ± 9.7	0.013
Creatinine, μmmol/L	63.4 (53.8-71.0)	58.2 (48.5-72.3)	0.127	63.6 (54.4-73.2)	55.3 (47.0-67.5)	0.001	62.5 (52.6-72.5)	56.7 (47.3-69.5)	0.074
Haematocrit, %	39.3 (34.1-41.9)	35.4 (31.3-40.5)	0.003	39.3 (34.9-42.8)	33.5 (29.4-39.0)	< 0.001	38.8 (34.1-41.5)	32.7 (28.0-39.1)	< 0.001
Albumin, g/L	38. ± 13.7	36.4 ± 4.0	0.002	38.4 ± 3.5	35.4 ± 3.9	< 0.001	37.8 ± 3.7	35.4 ± 4.0	< 0.001
Total protein, g/L	62.7 ± 5.8	61.2 ± 5.9	0.059	62.8 ± 5.6	60.5 ± 6.0	0.003	62.4 ± 5.4	60.4 ± 6.6	0.011
ASA classification, n (%)			0.036			0.009			0.011
I-II	55 (70.5)	85 (56.3)		83 (69.2)	57 (52.3)		100 (67.1)	40 (50.0)
III-IV	23 (29.5)	66 (43.7)		37 (30.8)	52 (47.7)		49 (32.9)	40 (50.0)
KPS score, n (%)			< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001
≥ 70	76 (97.4)	118 (78.1)		119 (99.2)	75 (68.8)		144 (96.6)	50 (62.5)
< 70	2 (2.6)	33 (21.9)		1 (0.8)	34 (31.2)		5 (3.4)	30 (37.5)
Cancer type, n (%)			0.011			0.216			0.104
Stomach	18 (23.1)	65 (43.0)		40 (33.3)	43 (39.4)		49 (32.9)	34 (42.5)
Colon	32 (41.0)	49 (32.5)		40 (33.3)	41 (37.6)		51 (34.2)	30 (37.5)
Rectum	28 (35.9)	37 (24.5)		40 (33.3)	25 (22.9)		49 (32.9)	16 (20.0)
Operative method, n (%)			0.005			0.008			0.187
Open surgery	13 (16.7)	52 (34.4)		25 (20.8)	40 (36.7)		38 (25.5)	27 (33.8)
Laparoscopic surgery	65 (83.3)	99 (65.6)		95 (79.2)	69 (63.3)		111 (74.5)	53 (66.3)
Operative time, min	156 (123-202)	169 (120-210)	0.578	165 (120-217)	163 (121-195)	0.486	165 (125-210)	160 (119-200)	0.412
TNM stage, n (%)			0.057			0.328			0.911
I-II	55 (70.5)	87 (57.6)		78 (65.0)	64 (58.7)		92 (61.7)	50 (62.5)
III	23 (29.5)	64 (42.4)		42 (35.0)	45 (41.3)		57 (38.3)	30 (37.5)
Histological grade, n (%)			0.012			0.545			0.374
Poorly differentiated	28 (35.9)	78 (51.7)		55 (45.8)	51 (46.8)		67 (45.0)	39 (48.8)
Moderately differentiated	33 (42.3)	55 (36.4)		43 (35.8)	45 (41.3)		56 (37.6)	32 (40.0)
Highly differentiated	17 (21.8)	18 (11.9)		22 (18.3)	13 (11.9)		26 (17.4)	9 (11.3)
Postoperative length of stay, d	14 (12, 16)	14 (12, 19)	0.184	14 (12, 18)	15 (13, 18)	0.162	14 (12, 17)	15 (13, 19)	0.029
Hospital costs, RMB	62341 (58067, 71180)	67697 (59097, 81720)	0.006	63148 (57893, 74841)	67764 (59156, 82804)	0.047	63477 (57719, 76170)	69031 (59596, 82043)	0.023
Severe complications, n (%)	6 (7.7)	23 (15.2)	0.104	13 (10.8)	16 (14.7)	0.382	16 (10.7)	13 (16.3)	0.232

Data are presented as means ± SD, medians (interquartile ranges) or n (%).

CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; BMI: Body mass index; HB: Haemoglobin; WBC: White blood cell; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; KPS: Karnofsky Performance Scale; TNM: Tumour node metastasis.