Robotic natural orifice specimen extraction surgery I-type F method vs conventional robotic resection for lower rectal cancer

Table 1 Clinical and pathological features of the patient

Baseline characteristics	R-NOSES I-F (n = 22)	RLRC (n = 76)	Ρ value
Age (year)	56.5 ± 8.9	59.5 ± 11.1	0.107
BMI (kg/m2)	21.8 ± 2.5	22.6 ± 2.0	0.136
Gender			0.580
Male	8 (36.4)	45 (59.2)
Female	14 (63.6)	31 (40.8)
ASA score			0.552
I, II	5 (22.7)	11 (14.5)
III	17 (77.3)	65 (85.5)
Previous history of abdominal surgery	4 (18.2)	13 (17.1)	1.000
Maximum circumferential diameter of specimen (cm)			0.217
< 5	19 (86.4)	56 (73.7)
≥ 5	3 (13.6)	20 (26.3)
Tumour location from anal verge (cm)	4.3 ± 1.2	4.5 ± 0.9	0.278
Abnormal serum CEA (ng/mL)			0.700
≤ 5	16 (72.7)	52 (68.4)
> 5	6 (27.3)	24 (31.6)
Specimen length (cm)	11.4 ± 2.2	12.8 ± 3.1	0.068
Distal margin (cm)	1.1 ± 0.7	1.1 ± 0.8	0.737
Grade of differentiation			0.976
Well	3 (13.6)	12 (15.8)
Moderate	16 (72.7)	52 (68.4)
Poor	2 (9.1)	7 (9.2)
Mucinous	1 (4.5)	5 (6.6)
T stage			0.376
T0, Tis, T1	6 (27.3)	12 (15.8)
T2	7 (31.8)	17 (22.4)
T3	5 (22.7)	27 (35.5)
T4	4 (18.2)	20 (26.3)
N Stage			0.511
N0	14 (63.6)	46 (60.5)
N1	7 (31.8)	20 (26.3)
N2	1 (4.5)	10 (13.2)
pTNM			0.110
0, I	12 (54.5)	23 (30.3)
II	4 (18.2)	23 (30.3)
III	6 (27.3)	30 (39.5)
Number of lymph nodes harvested (n)	14.2 ± 7.3	13.7 ± 6.0	0.759
Nerve violation	9 (40.9)	30 (39.5)	0.904
Lymphovascular violation	7 (31.8)	17 (22.4)	0.364

R-NOSES I-F: Robotic resection using the natural orifice specimen extraction surgery I-type F method; RLRC: Robotic-assisted low rectal cancer resection; BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; TNM: Tumor node metastasis staging.