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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Jul 27, 2022; 14(7): 696-705
Published online Jul 27, 2022. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v14.i7.696
Published online Jul 27, 2022. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v14.i7.696
Case | Ref. | Age/sex | Site of primary tumour | Presenting symptom | Surgery of primary tumour | Histology of primary | Site of skeletal metastasis and treatment | Non-skeletal metastases | Time interval in mo | Follow-up/outcome |
1 | Hasegawa et al[14], 2000 | 60/M | Transverse colon | Not described | Transverse colon resection and lymph node dissection + FOLFOX | Adenocarcinoma | Right extensor carpi ulnaris muscle; a major part of the right extensor carpi ulnaris and the extensor digiti minimi muscle were resected, warranting a sufficient margin of 5 cm of normal tissue from the tumour | Multiple hepatic metastases detected 14 mo after primary resection and was resected | 24 | Alive |
2 | Buemi et al[3], 2019 | 69/F | Right colon | Pain when mobilizing left leg + elevated CEA of 7.7 ng/mL | Right hemicolectomy | pT3N0M0 (0/44 lymph nodes) | Left gluteus muscle; lesion was resected en bloc | 7 | Alive; 6 yr after colectomy and 65 mo after resection of the muscular metastasis she was tumour free with normal CEA level | |
3 | Yi et al[17], 2015 | 67/M | Caecum | Swelling and pain | Right hemicolectomy and subsequent chemotherapy with a regimen containing oxaliplatin | Poorly differentiated | Right thenar muscles | Liver, right kidney, right abdominal wall, left axillary and right subclavicular lymph nodes, skin of right thigh; treatment was given with palliative systemic chemotherapy (FOLFIRI) | Synchronous | Dead (9 mo after diagnosis) |
4 | Araki et al[18], 1994 | 66/M | Ascending colon | Painful lump | Right hemicolectomy | Right teres major; excision of the mass was performed | 6 | Dead (31 mo after surgery) | ||
5 | Manafi-Farid et al[19], 2019 | 23/M | Rectum | Incidentally detected in FDG-PET studies | Proctocolectomy preceded by neoadjuvant chemotherapy and followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, including the FOLFOX regimen | pT3N1 | Multiple: Deltoid, external oblique, biceps, tongue; excisional biopsy of the deltoid muscle lesion proved to be metastatic adenocarcinoma; commenced chemotherapy (FOLFIRI) | Lung/adrenal gland/scalp | 24 | Alive |
6 | Torosian et al[20], 1987 | 69/M | Transverse colon | Extended right colectomy | Left thigh; en bloc resection was performed | 60 | Not specified | |||
7 | Okada et al[21], 2009 | 70/M | Rectum | Painful lump | Rectal resection | Right thigh; resection and chemotherapy were given | Lung | 12 | Alive; the resection of SMM made a positive contribution to his quality of life | |
8 | Chang et al[22], 1994 | 62/M | Descending colon | Painful lump | Left tibialis anterior; excision of the mass was performed | Synchronous | Not specified | |||
9 | Yoshikawa et al[23], 1999 | 54/M | Sigmoid colon | Severe buttocks pain | Partial sigmoid colectomy | Right buttocks; en bloc resection performed | Multiple metastases | 24 | Died after 8 mo from multiple metastases | |
10 | Guo et al[16], 2021 | 43/M | Ascending colon | Right thigh mass 4 cm × 4 cm with intolerable pain | Laparoscopic extended right hemicolectomy and four cycles of chemotherapy with CapeOX | PT4N2bM0; poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma | Right thigh; a complete resection was suggested but was refused by the patient; unresponsive to FOLFIRI; switched to bevacizumab, irinotecan, and capecitabine | Bony metastasis and multiple lymph node metastases around the abdominal aorta | 5 | Deteriorated and died 9 mo after primary resection |
11 | Tatsuta et al[24], 2022 | 83/M | Ascending colon | Pain in the back of his neck | Curative resection | Adenocarcinoma | Cervical (neck muscle); he was prescribed palliative radiation therapy because of his poor performance status | None | 11 | Died 2 mo after diagnosis of muscle metastasis |
12 | Iusco et al[25], 2005 | 73/F | Ascending colon | Painful lump | Right hemicolectomy | Dukes C | Left calf; the mass was excised and received adjuvant radiotherapy | None | 24 | Alive; no sign of recurrence at a 2-yr follow-up |
13 | Landriscina et al[9], 2013 | 71/F | Right colon | Detected on PET/CT scan | Right hemicolectomy with subsequent systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy for liver metastasis followed by radical hepatectomy | Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma | Deltoid, sternocleidomastoid and other multiple sites; chemotherapy with FOLFOX was administered for 3 cycles but discontinued due to traumatic femur fracture | Liver/lung | 23 | Disease progression and death |
14 | Hattori et al[26], 2008 | 64/F | Rectum | Asymptomatic; increased CEA; discovered by FDG-PET | Abdominoperineal rectal resection | Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma | Right thoracic paraspinal muscles; en bloc excision was performed including the paraspinal muscles | Solitary lung metastasis, which was resected 3 yr previously by lobectomy with subsequent immunochemotherapy | 96 | Alive |
15 | Choi et al[27], 2008 | 83/F | Rectum | Painful lump | Low anterior resection and right liver lobectomy | T2N1M1 | Semimembranous muscle of right thigh | Solitary pulmonary nodule in left lobe | 48 | Died of heart failure on second postoperative day |
16 | Doroudinia et al[28], 2019 | 48/M | Rectum | Subcutaneous lump | Abdominoperineal rectal resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy | High grade mucinous adenocarcinoma | Right proximal thigh; the patient became a candidate for tumour excision (metastasectomy) followed by additional course of chemotherapy. | None | 38 | Not specified |
17 | Tunio et al[29], 2013 | 28/M | Transverse colon | Abdominal pain and hard nodule at anterior abdominal wall | Extended right hemicolectomy; radiotherapy; FOLFOX4 | Mucinous moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma T4N2bM0 | Rectus abdominis muscle and right gluteus maximus; underwent palliative radiotherapy followed by systemic chemotherapy | None | 11 | Alive at time of publication with progressive disease |
18 | Simeunovic et al[30], 2014 | 55/F | Rectum | Lower back pain and left hip pain as first manifestation of the primary tumour | Radiotherapy; chemotherapy with FOLFOX | Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma | Left adductor muscle | None | Synchronous | Not specified |
19 | Prabhu et al[31], 2017 | 69/M | Rectum | Severe low back ache | Neoadjuvant; abdominoperineal resection; capecitabine | Adenocarcinoma with signet ring cell features T3N2; Dukes C1 | Multiple skeletal muscles: left sartorious, left vastus lateralis, left infraspinatus, left levator scapulae, left tenth Intercostal muscle, right subscapularis muscle | None | 4 | Not specified |
20 | Tai et al[32], 2014 | 81/M | Caecum | Severe right shoulder pain | Palliative chemotherapy; palliative right hemicolectomy | Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma | Right supraspinatus muscle | Right lobe of lung | Synchronous | Patient transitioned to hospice |
21 | Farraj et al[33], 2021 | 52/F | Rectum | Noted with preoperative staging | Low anterior resection; adjuvant combination of oxaliplatin, capecitabine, and pelvic external beam radiation therapy | Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma T2N1a | Left psoas muscle | None | Synchronous | Patient is currently maintained on platinum doublet chemotherapy with control of metastatic disease |
22 | Salar et al[34], 2012 | 67/F | Rectum | Deep pelvic and left buttock pain | EUA; submucosal polypectomy | Tubullovillous adenomatous polyp with high grade dysplasia | Left piriformis muscle | None | 18 | Patient began cycles of chemoradiotherapy with plans for further surgical resection |
23 | Homan et al[35], 2000 | 72/F | Descending colon | Surgical resection; FOLFOX | Thigh | NA | ||||
24 | Takada et al[36], 2011 | 71/M | Sigmoid colon | Radiotherapy; FOLFOX; resection “Hartmann” | Stage III adenocarcinoma | Left iliopsoas muscle; received radiotherapy and 15 courses of FOLFOX + bevacizumab for decreasing large and unresectable tumour; then resection was performed | GI metastasis | 60 | 5 mo after resection of muscle metastasis, there was no recurrence | |
25 | Naik et al[37], 2005 | 56/M | Ascending colon | A lump | Resection; chemotherapy FOLFOX; radiotherapy | Mucin secreting adenocarcinoma | Rectus abdominis muscle; resection was performed | NA | 60 | Not specified |
26 | Burgueño Montañés and López Roger[38], 2002 | 60/M | Rectosigmoid | Exophthalmos | Radiotherapy; FOLFOX | Lateral rectus muscle | Not specified | |||
27 | García-Fernández et al[39], 2012 | 32/M | Colon | Palpebral oedema, conjunctival chemosis, severe exophthalmos, complete ptosis in left eye and limitation in eye movement mainly in abduction and supraversion | Resistant to chemotherapy | Stage IV | Superior rectus elevator muscle of upper eyelid complex and external rectus muscle | Due to the patient generally feeling unwell, radiotherapy was not considered, and an intravenous bolus of corticoids was given, without response, resulting in the death of the patient | ||
28 | Lampenfeld et al[40], 1990 | 75/F | Rectum | Progressive growth of left buttock mass | Excision of mass | Adenocarcinoma | Left gluteus maximus and medius | 24 | ||
29 | Laurence and Murray[41], 1970; Case 1 | 70/F | Caecum | Painful mass in posteroexternal aspect of right calf and leg oedema | Right hemicolectomy | Ulcerated villous adenocarcinoma | Right calf; en bloc resection was performed | Generalized metastasis | 24 | Died due to generalized metastasis |
30 | Laurence and Murray[41], 1970; Case 2 | 51/M | Transverse colon | Right colectomy | Right forearm; en bloc resection was performed | Generalized metastasis | Synchronous | Died due to generalized metastasis |
- Citation: Kulkarni N, Khalil A, Bodapati S. Skeletal muscle metastasis from colorectal adenocarcinoma: A literature review. World J Gastrointest Surg 2022; 14(7): 696-705
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v14/i7/696.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v14.i7.696