Predicting the outcome of closed-loop small bowel obstruction by preoperative characteristics

Table 8 Clavien–Dindo classification of complications and perioperative findings

Clavien–Dindo	Overall, n = 148	Viable bowel, n = 28	Reversible ischaemia, n = 86	Irreversible ischaemia, n = 34
No complications, n (%)	115 (77.70)	27 (96.43)	69 (80.23)	19 (55.88)
Grade I, n (%)	3 (2.03)	0 (0.00)	2 (2.33)	1 (2.94)
Grade II, n (%)	7 (4.73)	0 (0.00)	3 (3.49)	4 (11.76)
Grade III, n (%)
a	1 (0.68)	0 (0.00)	1 (1.16)	0 (0.00)
b	10 (6.76)	1 (3.57)	3 (3.49)	6 (17.65)
Grade IV, n (%)
a	1 (0.68)	0 (0.00)	1 (1.16)	0 (0.00)
b	1 (0.68)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	1 (2.94)
Grade V, n (%)	10 (6.76)	0 (0.00)	7 (8.14)	3 (8.82)

Grade I: Complication without pharmacological, surgical, endoscopic, or radiologic treatment (anti-emetics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, electrolytes and physiotherapy were acceptable); Grade II: Complication requiring pharmacological management including blood transfusion or total parenteral nutrition; Grade IIIa: Complication requiring intervention under local anaesthesia; Grade IIIb: Complication requiring general or epidural anaesthesia; Grade IVa: Single organ dysfunction (including dialysis); Grade IVb: Multiorgan dysfunction; Grade V: Patient death.