Predicting the outcome of closed-loop small bowel obstruction by preoperative characteristics

Table 3 Clinical symptoms and vital signs at presentation

Signs at presentation	Overall, n = 148	Viable bowel, n = 28	Reversible ischemia, n = 82	Irreversible ischemia, n = 34	P value
Vomiting, n (%)					0.07
No	36 (24.32)	9 (32.14)	15 (17.44)	12 (35.29)
Yes	112 (75.68)	19 (67.86)	71 (82.56)	22 (64.71)
Obstipation1, n (%)					0.60
No	105 (70.95)	22 (78.57)	60 (69.77)	23 (67.65)
Yes	43 (29.05)	6 (21.43)	26 (30.23)	11 (32.35)
Abdominal guarding, n (%)					0.35
No	133 (89.86)	27 (96.43)	77 (89.53)	29 (85.29)
Yes	15 (10.14)	1 (3.57)	9 (10.47)	5 (14.71)
Heart rate2, n (%)					0.42
Bradycardia	2 (1.35)	0 (0.00)	1 (1.16)	1 (2.94)
Normocardia	120 (81.08)	26 (92.86)	67 (77.91)	27 (79.41)
Tachycardia	26 (17.67)	2 (7.14)	18 (20.93)	6 (17.65)
Respiratory rate3,4, n (%)					0.50
Normopnoea	45 (60.00)	9 (69.23)	27 (64.29)	9 (45.00)
Tachypnea	30 (40.00)	4 (30.77)	15 (35.71)	11 (55.00)
Fever5, n (%)					0.52
No	138 (97.18)	25 (96.15)	79 (96.34)	34 (100.00)
Yes	4 (2.82)	1 (3.85)	3 (3.66)	0 (0.00)

¹Obstipation: No defecation > 24 h.

²Bradycardia: ≤ 50 beats/min; Normocardia: 50-100 beats/min; Tachycardia: > 100 beats/min.

³Normopnoea: < 20 breaths/min; Tachypnoea: > 20 breaths/min.

⁴11 patients missing, n = 137.

⁵Fever: > 38.5 °C body temperature.