Clinical application and research progress of extracellular slow wave recording in the gastrointestinal tract

Table 2 Clinical research on gastrointestinal electrical stimulation

Ref.	Methods	Sample size	Indications	Location of GIES	Stimulation parameters	Duration	Results
Gastric electrical stimulation
McCallum et al[96]	Multicenter, double-blind, RCT	32	Idiopathic gastroparesis	Stomach	14 Hz, 5 mA, 330 μs	3 mo	Significant decrease in vomiting and days of hospitalization
Teich et al[97]	Prospective study	16 (children)	Chronic nausea andvomiting	Stomach	14 Hz, 5 V, 330 μs	0.5-23 mo	Significant improvement in severity and frequency of vomiting, frequency, and severity of nausea
Morales-Conde et al[98]	Randomized, multicenter trial	47	Obesity	Stomach	/	24 mo	Limited weight regain with strong safety outcomes
Ducrotte et al[99]	RCT	172	Refractory vomiting	Stomach	14 Hz, 5 mA, 330 μs	8 mo	Effectively reduced the frequency of refractory vomiting in patients with and without diabetes, although it did not accelerate gastric emptying or increase the quality of life
Intestinal electrical stimulation
Norton et al[100]	RCT	90	Fecal incontinence	Anus	35 Hz, 300 ms	8 wk	Improved bowel control to a modest extent
Daram et al[101]	Case report	1	Roux stasis syndrome	Jejunum	14 Hz, 5 mA, 330 μs	5 d	Effective relief of the symptom of stasis post-Roux-en-Y anastomosis
Cadeddu et al[102]	Randomized trial	81	Idiopathic constipation	Anus	2 Hz, 30-35V, 360-960 μs	6 times	Continuous improvement of constipation symptoms and anorectal function
Nerve electrical stimulation
Fassov et al[103]	RCT	20	IBS	Sacral nerve	14 Hz, 0.1-4.0 V, 210 μs	3 wk	Reduced symptoms of diarrhea-predominant and mixed IBS
Stakenborg et al[104]	Pilot study	18	Post-colectomy surgery	Abdominal vagus nerve	5, 20 Hz, 2.5 mA, 0.5, 1, 2 ms	2 times (preparation, postoperation)	Inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8 induced by lipopolysaccharide to prevent postoperative intestinal obstruction
Zhang et al[105]	Pilot study	42	Major abdominal surgeries	Acupoints ST36 and PC6	25 Hz, 2-10 mA, 0.5 ms	3 d	Improved major postoperative symptoms
Teckentrup et al[106]	RCT	22	Healthy subjects	Vagus nerve	25 Hz, 0.3-0.9 mA	2 d	Reduced the frequency of gastric myoelectricity and did not affect resting energy consumption

GIES: Gastrointestinal electrical stimulation; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; IL: Interleukin; RCT: Randomized controlled trial.