Gastrostomy tubes: Fundamentals, periprocedural considerations, and best practices

Table 2 Select Indications for gastrostomy placement

Palliative venting for malignant obstruction and peritoneal carcinomatosis[20,46,120-124]	Can reduce symptoms of nausea and vomiting without a cumbersome NG tube
Head and neck malignancy[20,125-130]	Reactive rather than prophylactic gastrostomy can reduce treatment related critical weight loss
Esophageal malignancy[131-136]	Achieves adequate nutritional status better than self-expandable metal stent insertion
Ventilator-dependent respiratory failure including COVID-19[137-144]	Early enteral nutrition can decrease complication rates and length of stay due to a catabolic state in prolonged ventilation
Stroke with dysphagia[145-147]	Can be placed after 28 d if prolonged enteral nutrition is needed
Non-stroke neurologic disease[148-155]	Supported in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. No guideline specific recommendations in Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis complicated by dysphagia, cerebral palsy, or trauma patients with severe cerebral injury but has been effective
Pregnancy complicated by severe hyperemesis gravidarum[156-159]	Successfully performed in up to a 29 wk gestation with favorable maternal and fetal outcomes
Gastric bypass	Can be performed in concurrence with surgery to avoid reoperation in patients who are at higher risk for an anastomotic leak or gastro-enteric obstruction[20,160,161]