Real-time in vivo distal margin selection using confocal laser endomicroscopy in transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer

Figure 3 Endoscopic images and corresponding probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy images of rectal tissues after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. A: Endoscopic image of rectal tissue with complete response, presenting a residual scar; B: Corresponding probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) image showed regular crypts with thickening epithelium and enlarged vessels with fibrotic stroma; C: Endoscopic image of rectal tissue with partial response, presenting a residual tumor lesion; D: Corresponding pCLE image showed atypical glands with dark and irregular crypts and enlarged twisty vessels.