Drain fluid biomarkers for prediction and diagnosis of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula: A narrative review

Table 2 Investigations of drain culture across different pancreatic surgery cohorts

Clinical condition	Pancreatoduodenectomy patients	Distal pancreatectomy patients
Present in CR-POPF patients	Fungi, gram-positive bacteria, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Citrobacter spp, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Enterococcus faecalis Candida spp., Klebsiella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae	Fungi, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp
Predictor of CR-POPF	Polymicrobial infections, Candida
Predictor of grade C	Gram-negative rods, Candida

CR-POPF: Clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula.