Efficacy and safety of early oral feeding in postoperative patients with upper gastrointestinal tumor: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Main characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Year	Country	Location of cancer	Sample size, n		Sex, male/female, n		Age in yr, mean ± SD, male/female		Outcomes
				EOF	TOF	EOF	TOF	EOF	TOF
Wang et al[15]	2017	China	Gastric	38	42	NR	NR	58 ± 101		①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧
Liu et al[12]	2011	China	Gastric	30	32	12/18	19/13	56.34	57.54	①②④
Yang et al[18]	2013	China	Gastric	25	25	15/10	16/9	57.5 ± 13.7	56.8 ± 11.9	①④⑤⑥⑦⑧
Wang et al[14]	2017	China	Gastric	60	60	31/29	33/27	58.6 ± 7.8	54.2 ± 8.4	①②③④⑤⑦⑧
Lin et al[13]	2018	China	Gastric	47	53	NR	NR	52.2 ± 6.61		①②③④⑤⑥
Li et al[17]	2014	China	Gastric	50	50	26/24	28/22	60.8 ± 5.9	56.0 ± 7.6	④⑤⑦⑧
Yu et al[16]	2016	China	Gastric	72	67	57/15	49/18	57.8 ± 13.1	60.1 ± 11.8	①②③④⑤⑥
Li et al[12]	2015	China	Gastric	200	200	104/96	112/88	60.8 ± 5.9	56.0 ± 7.6	④⑤⑦⑧
Gao et al[10]	2019	China	Gastric	101	97	68/33	55/42	56.3 ± 10.2	53.9 ± 11.6	①②③④
Hur et al[20]	2011	South Korea	Gastric	28	26	20/8	21/5	NR (mean ± SD)		①②③④⑤⑥
Berkelmans et al[19]	2020	Netherlands Sweden	Esophageal	65	67	56/9	56/8	65 (59-70)2	65 (61-70)2	②③
Sun et al[22]	2018	China	Esophageal	140	140	92/48	103/37	62 (53-59)2	63 (58-69)2	①②③④⑤
Mahmoodzadeh et al[23]	2015	Iran	Both	54	55	29/25	29/26	64.2 ± 8.2	66.4 ± 7.7	①③④⑤
Shimizu et al[21] (DG)	2018	Japan	Gastric	70	84	36/34	54/30	64.5 (37-79)3	64 (25-79)3	①②③④⑤
Shimizu et al[21] (TG)				32	30	25/7	8/22	68.5 (48-78)3	68.5 (40-79)3
Mi et al[11]	2012	China	Gastric	30	30	15/15	12/18	57.2 ± 9.5	60.0 ± 10.3	①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧

¹Total mean ± SD.

²Medians (lower quartile - upper quartile).

³Median (range).

⁴Total mean.

Outcomes: ①: Postoperative complications; ②: Pneumonia; ③: Anastomotic leakage; ④: Time of gas passage; ⑤: Length of postoperative hospital stay; ⑥: Cost of hospitalization; ⑦: CD4 cell count; ⑧: CD4/CD8 cell ratio. DG: Distal gastrectomy; EOF: Early oral feeding; NR: No report; TG: Total gastrectomy; TOF: Traditional oral feeding.