Acute mesenteric ischemia and small bowel imaging findings in COVID-19: A comprehensive review of the literature

Table 2 Other small bowel radiological findings in coronavirus disease-2019 patients and relevant clinical characteristics

Ref.	Patients, n	Age in yr	Gender	GI symptoms	Imaging modality	Radiological findings	Other relevant information
Hellinger et al[40]	1	64	NR	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever	CT	Small bowel thickening and hyperemia	-
Bhayana et al[12]	5	18-99	NR	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever	CT	Small bowel thickening	100% of patients needed ICU
Goldberg-Stein et al[13]	2	NR	NR	NR	CT	Small bowel thickening	-
Periyakaruppan et al[41]	1	NR	M	Abdominal pain, diarrhea	CT	Small bowel thickening	Complete recovery after 2 d from I.V. immunoglobulin infusion
Guo et al[42]	1	29	M	Diarrhea, fever	CT	Small bowel thickening	-
Bhayana et al[12]	4	18-99	NR	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever	CT	Pneumatosis intestinalis	20% of patients needed ICU.100% of patients underwent laparotomy
Tirumani et al[48]	1	NR	NR	NR	CT	Pneumatosis intestinalis; portal venous gas	-
Kielty et al[49]	1	47	M	Vomiting	CT	Pneumatosis intestinalis; peritoneal free fluid	The patient needed ICU. No need of surgery. Discharged
Di Grezia et al[50]	3	NR	NR	NR	CT	Pneumatosis intestinalis	Needed surgical intervention with open abdomen and negative pressure therapy (no need of intestinal resection)
Makrinioti et al[54]	2	10-mo	F	Crying, vomiting, red currant jelly-like stool	US	Ileocolic intussusception	Dead
		10-mo	F	Bilious vomiting, red currant jelly-like stool	NR	Intussusception	Recovered after surgery
Rajalakshmi et al[55]	1	8-mo	M	Vomiting, blood-stained stools	US	Intussusception	Recovered after surgery
Moazzam et al[56]	1	4-mo	M	Abdominal pain	US	Intussusception with "doughnut sign"	Recovered after surgery
Bazuaye-Ekwuyasi et al[57]	1	9-mo	M	Abdominal pain, vomiting, decreased oral intake, and blood-streaked stool	RX	Intussusception with "target" sign	Recovered after surgery
					US
Cai et al[58]	1	10-mo	F	Vomiting, currant jelly-like stool	US	Intussusception	Dead
Martínez-Castaño et al[59]	1	6-mo	M	Vomiting, abdominal cramps, currant jelly stools	US	Ileocolic intussusception	Discharged
Lu et al[60]	1	10-mo	NR	NR	NR	Intussusception	Dead

CT: Computer tomography; ICU: Intensive care unit; NR: Not reported; RX: Radiography; US: Ultrasound.