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©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Jul 27, 2021; 13(7): 702-716
Published online Jul 27, 2021. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i7.702
Published online Jul 27, 2021. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i7.702
Table 1 Clinical characteristics and radiological findings of acute mesenteric ischemia in coronavirus disease-2019 patients
Ref. | Patients, n | Age in yr | Gender | GI symptoms | Respiratory symptoms | Relevant laboratory test | Imaging modality | Radiological findings | Treatment | Outcome |
de Barry et al[17] | 1 | 79 | F | Abdominal pain, diarrhea | Yes | WBC 12.6 × 109/L; CRP 125 mg/L | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; upper mesenteric vein and portal thrombosis; upper mesenteric artery and jejunal artery thrombosis | Laparotomy with segmental resection; thrombolysis and thrombectomy | Dead 4 d after surgery |
Beccara et al[18] | 1 | 52 | M | Abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting | Yes | WBC 30 × 109/L; CRP 222 mg/L | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; upper mesenteric artery thrombosis | Laparotomy with segmental resection; anticoagulant; antiaggregant | NR |
Ofosu et al[19] | 1 | 55 | M | NR | Yes | WBC 9.5 × 109/L; CRP 3 mg/L; D-dimer 440 ng/mL | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; portal vein thrombosis | Anticoagulant | Discharged |
La Mura et al[20] | 1 | 72 | M | NR | No | WBC 19.76 × 109/L (n 81%); CRP 172.3 mg/L | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; portal vein thrombosis | Anticoagulant | Discharged |
Del Hoyo et al[21] | 1 | 61 | F | Abdominal pain, vomiting | No | CRP 9.43 mg/L; D-dimer 43.998 ng/mL | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; spleen-portal vein and hepatic vein thrombosis | Anticoagulant | Dead |
Karna et al[22] | 1 | 61 | F | Abdominal pain, distension | Yes | NR | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; upper mesenteric artery thrombosis | Laparotomy with segmental resection; anticoagulant; antiaggregant | Dead 36 h after surgery |
Cheung et al[23] | 1 | 55 | M | Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea | NR | NR | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; upper mesenteric artery thrombosis | NR | NR |
de Roquetaillade et al[24] | 1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | CT | Mesenteric ischemia | NR | NR |
Vartanoglu et al[25] | 5 | NR | M | NR | Yes | WBC 8.67 × 109/L (mean); CRP 970 mg/L (mean); D-dimer 447 ng/mL (mean); Fib 6245 mg/dL (mean) | NR | Mesenteric ischemia | NR | 1 patient dead |
Fraissé et al[26] | 3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Mesenteric ischemia | NR | NR |
Ignat et al[27] | 1 | 28 | F | Abdominal pain, vomiting | No | NR | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; upper mesenteric vein and portal vein thrombosis | Laparotomy with segmental resection | NR |
Pang et al[28] | 1 | 30 | M | Abdominal pain, vomiting | No | D-dimer 20000 ng/mL; Fib 465 mg/dL | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; upper mesenteric vein thrombosis | Laparotomy with segmental resection; anticoagulant | Discharged |
Bianco et al[29] | 1 | 59 | M | Abdominal pain, nausea | Yes | NR | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; peritoneal free fluid | Laparotomy with segmental resection | Dead 4 d after surgery |
Norsa et al[30] | 3 | 79 | F | Abdominal pain | NR | D-dimer 8 × ULN | CT | Mesenteric ischemia | NR | NR |
62 | M | Abdominal pain, vomiting | NR | D-dimer 76 × ULN | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; upper mesenteric vein thrombosis | NR | Dead | ||
83 | F | Abdominal pain | NR | D-dimer 3 × ULN | CT | Mesenteric ischemia | NR | Dead | ||
Collange et al[31] | 1 | 56 | M | NR | NR | D-dimer 2260 ng/mL; Fib 113 mg/dL | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; mesenteric intravenous air | Laparotomy with segmental resection; anticoagulant | NR |
Vulliamy et al[32] | 1 | 75 | M | Abdominal pain, vomiting | Yes | WBC 18 × 109/L; D-dimer 32000 ng/mL | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; embolic occlusion of upper mesenteric artery | Laparotomy with segmental resection; thrombectomy | NR |
Rodriguez-Nakamura et al[33] | 2 | 45 | M | Abdominal pain | Yes | WBC 16.6 × 109/L (n 86%); CRP 367 mg/L; D-dimer 1450 ng/mL; Fib 579 mg/dL | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; upper mesenteric thrombosis | Laparotomy with segmental resection; anticoagulant | Discharged |
42 | F | Abdominal pain | Yes | WBC 18.8 × 109/L (n 83.5%); CRP 239 mg/L; D-dimer 14.407 ng/mL; Fib 338 mg/dL | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; mesenteric veins and portal vein thrombosis | Laparotomy with segmental resection | Dead 48 h after surgery | ||
E English et al[34] | 1 | 40 | M | Abdominal distension | Yes | Fib 548 mg/dL | CT | Mesenteric ischemia | Laparotomy and laparoscopy with segmental resection | Dead 48 h after surgery |
Helms et al[35] | 1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | CT | Mesenteric ischemia | NR | NR |
Mitchell et al[36] | 1 | 69 | M | Abdominal pain, constipation, eructation | NR | NR | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; upper mesenteric artery thrombosis | Laparotomy with segmental resection; thrombolysis and thrombectomy | Discharged |
Azouz et al[37] | 1 | 56 | M | Abdominal pain, vomiting | No | NR | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; upper mesenteric thrombosis | Laparotomy with segmental resection; anticoagulant | NR |
Franco-Moreno et al[38] | 1 | 27 | M | Abdominal pain | Yes | WBC 18 × 109/L (n 85%); CRP 245 mg/L; D-dimer 9530 ng/mL; Fib > 500 mg/dL | CT | Mesenteric ischemia; portal vein thrombosis | Anticoagulant | Discharged |
- Citation: Pirola L, Palermo A, Mulinacci G, Ratti L, Fichera M, Invernizzi P, Viganò C, Massironi S. Acute mesenteric ischemia and small bowel imaging findings in COVID-19: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 13(7): 702-716
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v13/i7/702.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v13.i7.702